MOSEBETSI OA TSOHLE oa HXG10 oa Motho

Tlhahisoleseding ya Sehlahiswa

Litlhaloso

• FCC ID: GCYHXG10
• IC ID: 20156-HXG10
• Sehlopha: EAR99
• Tumellano: FCC Karolo ea 15
• Maemo a Tshebetso: Tikoloho e sa laoleheng
• RF Exposure Guidelines: FCC e lumellana - 20cm kapa ho feta hole le 'mele

Litaelo tsa Tšebeliso ea Sehlahisoa

Lintlha Tse Bohlokoa
Pele o sebelisa sehlahisoa, ka kopo bala le ho utloisisa litaelo tsohle tsa polokeho le litataiso tse fanoeng bukeng ea mosebelisi.

Ho kenya

1. Netefatsa hore sesebelisoa se behiloe bonyane 20cm hole le 'mele ho latela Melao-motheo ea FCC RF Exposure.
2. Qoba ho fumana kapa ho sebelisa transmitter ka entena kapa transmitter efe kapa efe.

Tshebetso

1. Etsa bonnete ba hore sesebelisoa ha se bake tšitiso e kotsi lisebelisoa tse ling.
2. Sesebelisoa se tlameha ho amohela tšitiso efe kapa efe e amohetsoeng nakong ea ts'ebetso.

Tlhokomelo
Kamehla hlahloba tšenyo leha e le efe ea 'mele ho sesebelisoa mme u netefatse hore ho sebetsa hantle.

FAQs 

• P: Na nka sebelisa sesebelisoa see haufi le 'mele oa ka?
  A: Che, ho latela litataiso tsa FCC, boloka sebaka sa bonyane 20cm pakeng tsa sesebelisoa le 'mele oa hau.
• P: Ke lokela ho etsa eng haeba ke kopana le mathata a tšitiso?
  A: Netefatsa hore sesebelisoa se sebetsa ho latela litataiso tse fanoeng. Haeba mathata a ntse a tsoela pele, ikopanye le tšehetso ea bareki bakeng sa thuso.
• P: Na ho bolokehile ho fetola sesebelisoa?
  K: Tjhe, diphetoho dife kapa dife kapa diphetoho tse sa amohelwang di ka senya matla a mosebedisi a ho sebedisa thepa.

KANANELO
Tšehetso e tsoang ho batšehetsi ba mantlha ba UNIDIR e fana ka motheo oa mesebetsi eohle ea Setsi. Boithuto bona bo hlahisitsoe ke Lenaneo la Tšireletso le Thekenoloji, le tšehelitsoeng ka lichelete ke Mebuso ea Jeremane, Netherlands, le Switzerland, le Microsoft. Mongoli o lakatsa ho leboha batho ba latelang ka keletso le thuso ea bona ea bohlokoa pampiring ena: Dr. Giacomo Persi Paoli (UNIDIR), Sarah Grand-Clement (UNIDIR); litsebi tse latelang interviewed bakeng sa morero ona: Dr. Mennatallah El-Assady, Dr. Mica Endsley, Parrish Hanna, Dr. Ming Hou, Dr. Matthew Johnson, le litsebi tse ling tse tharo tse sa tsejoeng; le tse latelang tsa kantle reviewbahlahlobi ba thuto ena: Ngaka Jurriaan van Diggelen, Dr. Marcel Baltzer, Dr. Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan, le Prof. Duncan Brumby.

MABAKA UNIDIR
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) ke setsi se ikemetseng se tšehelitsoeng ka boithaopo, se ikemetseng ka har'a Machaba a Kopaneng. E 'ngoe ea litsi tse 'maloa tsa maano lefatšeng ka bophara tse shebaneng le ho fokotsa lihlomo, UNIDIR e hlahisa tsebo le ho khothaletsa lipuisano le liketso mabapi le ho fokotsa lihlomo le ts'ireletso. E thehiloe Geneva, UNIDIR e thusa sechaba sa machaba ho hlahisa mehopolo e sebetsang, e ncha e hlokahalang ho fumana tharollo mathateng a bohlokoa a tšireletso.

HLOKOMELA
Litlhaloso tse sebelisitsoeng le tlhahiso ea boitsebiso bo bukeng ena ha li fane ka maikutlo a maikutlo leha e le afe a tsoang ho Bongoli ba Machaba a Kopaneng mabapi le boemo ba molao ba naha leha e le efe, sebaka, toropo kapa sebaka, kapa balaoli ba eona, kapa mabapi le ho seha meedi kapa meedi ya yona. The viewtse hlalositsoeng khatisong ena ke boikarabello ba mongoli a le mong. Ha li hlile ha li bontše viewkapa maikutlo a Machaba a Kopaneng, UNIDIR, basebetsi ba bang kapa batšehetsi ba ona.

MABAPI LE MONGOLI
Ioana Puscas ke Mofuputsi oa AI Lenaneong la Tšireletso le Theknoloji ho UNIDIR.

Likgutsufatso & Acronyms

Kakaretso e hlohonolofalitsoeng

Taolo ea botho holim'a litsamaiso tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng (AWS) e bile sehlooho sa mantlha lipuisanong tsa Sehlopha sa Litsebi tsa Mmuso mabapi le Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (GGE on LAWS), se kopaneng ho tloha ka 2017 moralong oa Tumellano ea Libetsa Tse Tloaelehileng. (CCW).
Moelelo le ts'ebetso ea taolo e bile tse ling tsa lihlooho tse tsosang khang ka ho fetisisa lipuisanong tsa Sehlopha. Mekhoa e meraro ea mantlha ea taolo e hlahile lilemong tsa morao tjena 'me hona joale e nkoa e le ho beha meeli e sebetsang ho AWS: taolo holim'a mekhahlelo ea libetsa, taolo ea tikoloho ea ts'ebeliso, le taolo ka tšebelisano ea motho le mochini nakong ea ts'ebeliso.
Khokahano ea batho le mochini, e leng khokahano ea 'mele lipakeng tsa basebetsi le AWS, e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa taolong ea batho, mme karolo ea bona e totobalitsoe ho GGE mabapi le MELAO le litokomaneng tse fapaneng tsa maano a naha. Likhokahano tsa mochini oa batho li bohlokoa ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka tlhokomeliso ea maemo, le ho meralo ea taolo: ho lumella basebelisi ho beha leihlo sistimi, 'me ha ho hlokahala, ho e koala kapa ho e hlakola.
Tlaleho ena e totobatsa likarolo tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa tsa karolo ea likhokahano taolong ea batho holim'a AWS. E shebana haholo le liqholotso, tse teng hona joale le tse lebelletsoeng, tse tlisoang ke ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea bohlale ba maiketsetso (AI) le ho ithuta ka mochini (ML) litsamaisong tse joalo. Tlaleho e hula, maemong a 'maloa, ho exampho tsoa ho li-automation indastering ea likoloi, tse ka fanang ka lithuto tsa bohlokoa mabapi le taolo le moralo oa sistimi.

Liphuputso tsa bohlokoa le liqeto tsa thuto ena ke tse latelang:

• Ho bohlokoa, pele, ho beha lipuisano mabapi le karolo ea sehokelo molemong oa tšebelisano ea motho le mochini lits'ebetsong tse ikemetseng, tse fanang ka litlhoko tse kholo tsa ts'ebetso bakeng sa basebelisi ba batho, 'me tse tlang le likotsi tsa tlhaho joalo ka ho tšepa ho fetelletseng kapa ho se tšepane. ka thekenoloji, tse mpefalitsoeng le ho feta ke tšebeliso ea AI/ML.
• • Hore sehokelo e be mokhoa o sebetsang oa taolo, se tlameha ho ba le ts'ebeliso ea maemo a holimo (ho bolelang hore se tlameha ho etsoa enjenere le ho ntlafatsoa ka tsela e nolofalletsang basebelisi ho fihlela sepheo sa bona), 'me basebelisi ba tlameha ho koetlisoa ka mokhoa o lekaneng ho se sebelisa. ka katleho. Katleho ea litekanyetso tsena e kenyelletsa liphetoho tsa bohlokoa ka ho kenngoa ha AI le ML lits'ebetsong tsa libetsa: ha lisebelisoa tsa libetsa li ntse li rarahana le ho feta (mohlala, li filoe boipuso bo bongata mesebetsing ea bohlokoa), likhokahano li se li le mothating oa ho rarahana le ho feta, joalo ka litlhoko tsa koetliso. bakeng sa basebelisi ba batho.
  • Lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tsa moralo oa li-interface li bonts'a tsepamiso ea maikutlo tšebelisanong lipakeng tsa batho le AI le 'kopano ea batho le AI', le hore na seo se tlameha ho bonahala joang tšebetsong ea meralo. Sena se tšehetsoa ke tumelo ea hore ha mechini e ntse e rarahana le ho feta, likhetho tsa tšebelisano ea motho le mochini li tlameha ho fetoha ka nepo.
  • Koetliso ea basebetsi maemong a litsamaiso tse tsoelang pele ho ithuta ha nako e ntse e ea e fana ka tlhokahalo ea manane a thuto a tlatsetso le mekhoa e ka ts'ehetsang basebetsi ho aha mekhoa e nepahetseng ea kelello ea litsamaiso, le ho lekanyetsa tšepo le litebello.
  • Mokhoa o mong oa ho fokotsa litaba tsa ts'epo le ho se utloisisehe lits'ebetsong tse itšetlehileng ka AI/ML ke ho kenyelletsa likhetho tse ling bakeng sa ho hlalosoa le ho pepeseha ha tšebetso ea AI lihokahaneng, joalo ka mekhoa ea ho bona (mohlala, li-dashboards tse senolang karolo ea ts'ebetso kapa liqeto. ea AI). Boiteko bona bo bohlokoa empa ka bobona bo tlisa mathata a eketsehileng tšebelisanong ea motho le mochini, e ka senyang taolo ea batho.

Selelekela

Lihokelo tsa motho le mochini ke khokahano lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba batho le lits'ebetso tse ikemetseng, 'me ke karolo ea bohlokoa letotong la likhetho bakeng sa taolo ea batho holim'a li-sys-tems. Khokahano e kopanya lisebelisoa le software, 'me e ka kenyelletsa likarolo tse ngata, joalo ka liphanele tsa taolo ea 'mele tse nang le likonopo, li-dashboard le li-touchscreens. Li-interface li lumella motho ho tsamaisa tšebetso (mohlala, navigation), ho fetola kapa ho lokisa litlhophiso tsa taolo, ho lokisa liparamente le litaelo, kapa ho hlokomoloha ts'ebetso ea sistimi. Ba ka boela ba bonts'a tlhahisoleseling ea bohlokoa 'me ba hlahisa opareitara ka kutloisiso ea boemo ba sistimi le, molemong oa litsamaiso tse sebetsang hole, tsa tikoloho eo sistimi e sebetsang ho eona.
Lipuisano li hlahile lipuisanong tsa Sehlopha sa Litsebi tsa Mmuso mabapi le thekenoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (GGE on LAWS) ka makhetlo a mangata nakong ea lipuisano tsa Sehlopha mabapi le taolo ea batho holim'a lisebelisoa tse ikemetseng tsa libetsa (AWS). Ka ho utloahalang, li-interfaces li nkoa li le bohlokoa hobane li fana ka bonyane mekhoa e 'meli ea bohlokoa ea ho boloka tekanyo ea taolo: ho lumella ba sebetsang ho beha leihlo boitšoaro le liketso tsa tsamaiso, le ho e tima kapa ho e hlokomoloha (mohlala, ka ho laola ka letsoho) e hloleha ho sebetsa kamoo ho lebeletsoeng. Ha litsamaiso li ntse li ikemela haholoanyane, leha ho le joalo, li-interfaces le tsona li fetoha tse rarahaneng le ho feta.

Tlaleho ena e sekaseka karolo ea likhokahano ts'ebetsong ea taolo ea batho. E fana ka likarolo tse 'maloa tsa moralo le ts'ebeliso ea sebopeho sa AWS mme e totobatsa mekhoa ea bohlokoa ka ho fetesisa kaha mesebetsi e mengata e lumelletsoeng ea AI e tlameha ho kenyelletsoa lits'ebetsong tsa libetsa. Ka kakaretso, hore sehokelo e be mokhoa o sebetsang oa taolo, se tlameha ho ba le ts'ebeliso ea maemo a holimo (ho bolelang hore se tlameha ho etsoa boenjiniere le ho ntlafatsoa ka tsela e nolofalletsang basebelisi ho fihlela sepheo sa bona) 'me li-operator li tlameha ho koetlisoa ka mokhoa o lekaneng. e sebelise ka katleho. Ho phethahala ha mekhoa ena ea mantlha ho ba thata le ho feta ka ho phahamisa boitaolo le ts'ebeliso ea AI le ML lits'ebetsong tsa libetsa - ha lisebelisoa tsa libetsa li ntse li rarahana le ho feta, likhetho tsa tšebelisano ea batho le mochini le moralo oa sebopeho li rarahana le ho feta, joalo ka litlhoko tsa koetliso bakeng sa basebetsi ba batho.
Hobane likhokahano li ke ke tsa buisanoa ka mokhoa o utloahalang e le bokhoni ba ho ikemela, tlaleho e kopanya tlhahlobo ena maemong a pharaletseng a boipuso1 le tšebelisano ea motho le mochini. Liqholotso tse tlisoang ke ho ikemela litsamaisong tsa libetsa li hokahane le likarolo tsohle tsa moralo le ts'ebeliso ea li-interface, le litlhoko tsa koetliso ea basebetsi.

Tlaleho e qala ka ho qetelaview ea sebopeho sa taolo ea batho holim'a AWS lipuisanong tsa linaha tse ngata le tsa maano, ho kenyeletsoa le GGE mabapi le MELAO, le ho fana ka kenyelletso e akaretsang ea karolo ea likhokahano taolong ea batho (Karolo ea 1). E ntan'o beha puisano ea karolo ea li-interfaces maemong a pharaletseng a tšebelisano ea batho le mochini, e totobatsang mathata a bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea motho ea sebetsang (Karolo ea 2). Karolo e latelang e fana ka mekhoa ea mantlha ea moralo oa li-interface. Tlhaloso ea mekhoa e fapaneng e fana ka maikutlo a bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea batho: moralo oa sistimi o bile teng ho eketsa ts'ebeliso, empa kenyelletso ea AI/ML e boetse e fana ka theknoloji e tšehetsang tšebelisano ea motho le mochini ho rarahana le ho feta (Karolo ea 3). Ntle le moralo oa sistimi, koetliso ke ntlha e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa mabapi le taolo ea batho. Boikemelo bo eketsehileng le mekhoa e rarahaneng haholoanyane e hlahisa mathata a macha bakeng sa koetliso bakeng sa banna le basali le litho tsohle tsa mabotho a hlometseng, haholo-holo ho latela mekhoa ea AI/ML-enabled (Karolo ea 4). Ho sebetsana le ho rarahana ha litsamaiso tse sebelisang AI, le tse tsoelang pele ho ithuta le ho ikamahanya le maemo ha nako e ntse e ea, ho thata 'me ho haella ha lintho tse bonahalang esale pele le ho pepeseha ho litsamaiso tsena ho ka ama ho tšepa le ho itšetleha ka theknoloji. Boiteko ba ho rarolla bothata bona ka mekhoa ea ho hlalosa le ho pepeseha ('AI e hlalosehang', kapa 'XAI'), joalo ka ka mekhoa ea ho bona pono, e bohlokoa empa e tsoela pele ho hlahisa mefokolo (Karolo ea 5).

Khokahano ea motho le mochini le taolo ea batho

Boemo bo phahameng ba boipuso tsamaisong bo ka ’na ba etsa hore ho be le litšoantšo tsa mechine e etsang liketso e le mong empa bonneteng, ha ho tsamaiso ho fihlela joale—ho sa tsotellehe hore na e ikemela hakae—e ikemetseng ka ho feletseng ho mofuta o itseng oa taolo kapa tsamaiso ea motho.2 E le sepheo sa boipuso bo feletseng. mecheng ea libetsa ha e khonehe hajoale, ebile ha e lakatsehe ho ea ka pono ea ts'ebetso ea sesole, 3 tšebelisano ea motho le mochini e ntse e le bohareng ba lipuisano tsa lisebelisoa tse ikemetseng tsa libetsa.
Tšebelisano ea batho le mochini e bile sehlooho sa mantlha lipuisanong tsa GGE mabapi le MELAO. Bohlokoa ba sehlooho sena bo bonahetse ho Melaoana ea Tataiso ea Sehlopha, e amohetsoeng ka tumellano ka 2019, haholo-holo Molao-motheo oa C, o reng:

(c) Tšebelisano ea batho le mochini, e ka nkang mefuta e fapaneng le ho kengoa ts'ebetsong likarolong tse fapanengtagea nako ea bophelo ba sebetsa, e lokela ho etsa bonnete ba hore tšebeliso e ka bang teng ea litsamaiso tsa libetsa tse ipapisitseng le litheknoloji tse ntseng li hlaha sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa li lumellana le molao o sebetsang oa machaba, haholo-holo IHL. Ha ho etsoa qeto ea boleng le boholo ba tšebelisano ea mochine oa batho, lintlha tse ngata li lokela ho nahanoa ho kenyeletsa le maemo a ts'ebetso, le litšobotsi le bokhoni ba tsamaiso ea libetsa ka kakaretso.

Taolo ea batho e ile ea hlaha moo e le mohopolo oa bohlokoa haholo 'me e ntse e le khubu ea lipuisano tsa Sehlopha ho theosa le lilemo.5 Ho sa tsotellehe liphapang tse ngata mabapi le hore na ke bokhoni bofe bo lokelang ho thibeloa ka ho toba kapa che, ho na le tumellano e pharaletseng har'a Mekha ea Naha ea hore, ho sa tsotellehe tekanyo ea boipuso. tsamaisong ea libetsa, boemo bo itseng ba taolo ea motho holim'a lisebelisoa tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng bo lokela ho hlokomeloa.6
Lihlooho tse 'maloa tse mahlonoko tse amanang le boipuso ntoeng (mohlala, boikarabello le boikarabello, ts'ebetso ea molao oa machaba oa botho) li sebetsa hantle ka har'a morero.view ea mohopolo oa 'taolo ea batho'. Sena se lumellana le nts'etsopele e ts'oanang ts'ebelisong ea AI, ML le liroboto lekaleng la baahi, moo lipuisano tse mabapi le 'controllability' li nkile setsi.tage, ho kopanya "mabaka a rarahaneng a theknoloji, a ergonomic, a molao, a boitšoaro le a tlhophiso".7

Mehato e sebetsang ea taolo ea batho le karolo ea li-interfaces
Ho senya moelelo le litekanyetso tsa taolo ea batho maemong a AWS e bile phephetso, e thatafalitsoeng le ho feta ke liphapang pakeng tsa litsamaiso le libaka tsa ts'ebetso.8 Leha ho le joalo, mehato e bonahalang e akaretsang ea taolo ea batho e 'nileng ea sisinngoa e kenyelletsa lintlha tsa moralo le tšebeliso ea tsamaiso.9 Sena taxonomy of control e bonts'a mekhoa e 'meli e fapaneng empa e tlatselletsang ea ho sebelisa taolo ea motho, ka bobeli ka moralo oa sistimi ea libetsa ka boeona, e kenyelletsang likarolo tsa hardware le software, le taolo ea ts'ebetso nakong ea ts'ebeliso.

Lebokose la 1. Mehato e sebetsang ea taolo ea motho holim'a AWS
Tlaleho ea 2020 SIPRI le ICRC "Meeli mabapi le Boikemisetso ho Lits'ebetso tsa Lihlomo" 10 e hlahisitse mehato e meraro e sebetsang ea ho sebelisa taolo: 1) taolo ea lisebelisoa tsa libetsa (tse kang, mofuta oa sepheo); 2) taolo ea tikoloho ea tšebeliso (bakeng sa mohlalaample, ka ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea AWS libakeng / libaka tse itseng); le 3) ho laola ka tšebelisano ea motho le mochini nakong ea ts'ebeliso (joalo ka ho boloka bokhoni ba ho laola AWS). Sehlopha se ts'oanang se hlahile lipuisanong tsa GGE mabapi le MELAO, ho kenyeletsoa ka 2020, ha kakaretso ea Setulo e thathamisa lintlha tsena tse tharo tsa taolo e le motheo oa ho kenya letsoho lipuisanong tse ling:

• Linaha li tla etsa bonnete ba hore motho ea sebetsang kapa molaoli o sebelisa kahlolo holim'a maemo a ts'ebetso, ho kenyeletsoa ka lithibelo ho, har'a tse ling, mesebetsi, sepheo sa pro.files, nako ea ts'ebetso, le boholo ba motsamao holim'a sebaka le tikoloho ea ts'ebetso, e sebelisoang litlhaselong tsa motho ka mong; ka mantsoe a mang, lithibelo tse sebelisoang tsamaisong ea libetsa, litekanyetso tsa tšebeliso ea libetsa le tšebelisano e hlokahalang pakeng tsa tsamaiso ea motho le libetsa.

Karolo ea li-interfaces tsa mochini oa batho (HMIs) e totobalitsoe ka makhetlo a 'maloa e le ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea taolo ea batho, 'me li-HMI li akaretsa lintlha tse peli tsa moralo le ts'ebeliso ea sistimi.
Karolo ea li-interfaces e bohlokoa ka ho khetheha ts'ebetsong ea litsamaiso tse sa sebetseng tse laoloang ho tloha sebakeng se hōle (ka linako tse ling, se hōle haholo), moo karolo e bohareng ea tsamaiso ea tsamaiso ke hore khokahanyo ea kutlo ea basebetsi le mochine e kopanngoa ke sebopeho.
Ho fana ka tsamaiso e ikemetseng ha ho itšetlehe ka li-interfaces feela, ebile ha ho felle feela ho bokhoni ba motho ea sebetsang ho laola mochine. ea AWS, e nang le litlamorao tse tobileng mabapi le mokhoa oo sistimi e sebelisoang ka molao. Le hoja mekhahlelo ea taolo e ka sebelisoa ka litsela tse ngata, 'me ea 'ajoa' ho pholletsa le moralo oa tsamaiso (mohlala, mefuta ea sepheo, joalo-joalo), li-interface li fa basebelisi monyetla oa ho beha tsamaiso le ho kenella haeba mefuta e meng ea taolo e senyeha kapa ha maemo a teng. ho fetoha ha motheo le ho “fokotsa maikutlo a ho rera”.13

Lipuisano le meralo ea boipuso
Likarolo tsa basebelisi li hlalosoa ho ISO 9241-110:2020 standard e le "sete ea likarolo tsohle tsa sistimi e sebetsanang e fanang ka tlhaiso-leseling le taolo bakeng sa mosebelisi ho etsa mesebetsi e itseng ka sistimi e sebetsanang".

Li-interfaces ke litsamaiso tse nyane tsa mochini oa batho15 le "fensetere (ka bobeli ka tsela ea tšoantšetso le ka ho toba) eo basebelisi ba sebelisanang le mochini ka eona".ample, likonopo le li-checkbox), likarolo tsa ho tsamaea, likaroloana tsa tlhahisoleseling, jj.
Ka kakaretso, li-HMI li thusa ho kenya letsoho le ho tsoa: ho kenya letsoho ho lumella opereishene ho kenya tlhahisoleseling ho sistimi ea tekheniki mme tlhahiso e bonts'a litlamorao tse hlahisoang ke ho kenya letsoho.17 Bakeng sa ex.ampLe, tsela e 'ngoe eo ka eona "input-output loop" e ka batlang AWS e tla kenyelletsa opereishene ho feta har'a li-interfaces le ho hlahisa likhokahano tse itseng ka har'a sistimi ha a etsa sepheo (kenyo). Sistimi e ne e tla arabela ka ho fana ka likhokahano le litlhahlobo tsa eona, joalo ka ts'enyo ea tebeletso kapa maikutlo a mang a ipapisitseng le lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebetso (sephetho).

Lebokose la 2. SA Levels 1-2-3

• Khopolo e tloaelehileng ea SA e kenyelletsa mekhahlelo e meraro ea maemo a phahameng: "maikutlo a likarolo tse tikolohong ka har'a nako le sebaka, kutloisiso ea moelelo oa tsona le khakanyo ea boemo ba tsona haufinyane".
• Boemo ba 1 SA. Maikutlo a Lintho tse Tikolohong: bakeng sa mohlalaample, bakeng sa molaoli ea maqheka ho bolela ho lemoha lintlha tsa motheo mabapi le sebaka, mofuta, le bokhoni ba sera le mabotho a botsoalle sebakeng se fanoeng.
• Boemo ba 2 SA. Kutloisiso ea Boemo ba Hona Joale: bakeng sa mohlalaample, bakeng sa molaoli ea maqheka, sena se bolela ho utloisisa hore na ponahalo ea palo e itseng ea sefofane sa sera sebakeng sa thahasello e amanang kapa e hohlana joang le merero ea bona.
• Boemo ba 3 SA. Projeke ea Boemo ba Bokamoso: bakeng sa mohlalaample, molaoli o ne a tla khona ho hlahisa hore boteng ba hona joale le liketso tse khopisang tsa sefofane se itseng se tla etsa hore se hlasele ka tsela e itseng le sebakeng se itseng. Sena se u fa monyetla oa ho etsa qeto ka mokhoa oa ho nka khato ho fihlela lipheo.

1. Tlhokomeliso ea boemo
   Khokahano ea batho le mochini e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea tlhokomeliso ea maemo (SA), e leng setsi sa tšebelisano ea motho le mochini haholo-holo maemong a matla. SA e angoa ke lintlha tsa motho ka mong le tsa tlhophiso (tse kang khatello ea maikutlo, boima ba mosebetsi, litlhoko tsa ho fetola mosebetsi, kapa matla a sehlopha) le ke lintlha tsa sistimi, joalo ka mochini oa sistimi (mohlala, bokhoni ba theknoloji ea sensor ho bokella lintlha tse amehang) le li-system interfaces.19 Boleng ba moralo oa sebopeho se ka ntlafatsang SA haholo le ka kotloloho.
   Boemo bo lekaneng ba SA bo tla boela bo thusa mosebeletsi ho hlokomela, mohlalaample, hore boemo bo itseng bo kantle ho meeli ea bokhoni ba boiketsetso, kapa hore automation e sebetsa ka mokhoa o fosahetseng.
2. Ho utloisisa boemo le boitšoaro ba AWS
   Li-interfaces li bohlokoa ho emela litšoaneleho tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea sistimi e ikemetseng, ho kenyeletsoa ponahalo ea sistimi, ho tseba esale pele le ho otloloha.
   • Observability e bolela bokhoni ba ho shebella le ho beha leihlo boemo ba sistimi.
   • Predictability e bolela thepa ea ho utloisisa hore na tsamaiso e sebetsa joang.
   • Ho otloloha ho ama bokhoni ba ho susumetsa sistimi.
     Leha lingoliloeng tsa tekheniki li kenyelletsa mefuta e fapaneng ea likhetho tsa likarolo tsa taolo,26 sepheo sa observability-predictability-directability e kopanya litlhoko tsa mantlha bakeng sa bokhoni ba boikemelo ba AWS le bakeng sa moralo oa sebopeho.

Litšebelisano tsa AWS le tšebelisano ea motho le mochini

Li-interfaces ha se bokhoni ba ho ikemela 'me karolo ea bona ea ho laola batho e ka utloisisoa feela ka moralo oa ho sebelisana le mochine oa batho. Karolo ena e sheba ka ho khetheha litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso ea motho maemong a pharaletseng a ho iketsetsa le ho ikemela, le bohlokoa ba ho theha karolo ea li-interfaces mabapi le moelelo oa tšebeliso ea tsona.

Litlhoko tse ncha tsa ts'ebetso le mathata a ho kenya letsoho kelellong
Kenyelletso ea boipuso e fana ka liphetoho tsa bohlokoa litlhokong tsa ts'ebetso.28 Ho theha litsamaiso tse sebetsang hantle ha se taba feela ea boenjiniere le tsoelopele ea tekheniki. Ho e-na le hoo, "bothata bo boholo ka ho fetisisa ba ... ts'ebetso e ikemetseng ke karolo ea motho, kapa kopanyo ea motho le mochini".
Le ha motho ea sebetsang e le 'feela' mosebetsi oa ho okamela sistimi e ikemetseng, ba tobana le mathata a mangata a ka hlahang ho tsoa ho data e fetelletseng, ho se utloisisehe ha sistimi, ho tsoa koetlisong e sa lekaneng, ho tsoa lihokelong tse sa etselitsoeng litlhoko tsa 'nete tsa mosebelisi. kelellong, joalo-joalo.

Bakeng sa mohlalaampLe, ketsahalong ea USS Vincennes ea 1988, ha sefofane sa khoebo sa Iran Air Flight 655 se thunngoa ke sistimi ea ntoa ea Aegis e neng e eme sekepeng sa ntoa, sebopeho se sa sebetseng hantle sa komporo ea taolo ea libetsa se ile sa etsa hore sefofane se tsejoe ka nepo e le mohlabani. jete. Pontšo ea tlhahisoleseling e ne e rarahane ho feta tekano ebile e sa lekana, e fa balaoli maikutlo a hore sefofane se ntse se theoha se lebile sekepeng, athe ha e le hantle se ne se tloha sekepeng. -trust' tsamaisong, le ho hloleha ho phephetsa boitsebahatso ba sistimi.
Ho fokotsa tse ling tsa likotsi tsa ho sebelisana ha batho le mechini maemong a sesole, ho 'nile ha etsoa tlhahiso ea hore li-interface li lokela ho boloka ho ameha ha mosebedisi ka kelello, ntlha e 'nileng ea amoheloa ke baemeli ba' maloa ho GGE on LAWS.
Ho boloka ho kenya letsoho ha kelello ea motho litsamaisong tse ikemetseng ho thata bonyane ka mabaka a mabeli.

1. Ea pele ke hore, ha ba abeloa mesebetsi ea bolebeli, batho ha ba khone ho boloka tlhokomelo kamehla le ka linako tsohle, 'me tebello ea ho falimeha ka nako e telele, e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho kenella ka nako e nepahetseng, ha e utloahale.34 Ho fana ka role35 ho baetsi ba batho e na le kotsi ea ho etsa hore ba khaotsoe, e leng se etsang hore ho be thata ho lula u falimehile. Joalokaha setsebi se seng se hlalositse, “hangata litsing tsa [taelo le taolo], ha ho letho le etsahalang, ebe ka tšohanyetso ho etsahala ntho e itseng, ’me ho hlokahala hore u khutlele mokhoeng oa ho nahana. Ho thata ho utloisisa boemo, ho sa tsotelehe hore na sebopeho se setle hakae”.36
   Litharollo tse ling tsa ho boloka litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ho falimeha li hlahisitsoe ka moralo oa sebopeho. Tlaleho ea Setsi sa Ntšetso-pele, Maikutlo le Lithuto tsa Lekala la Tšireletso la UK le fana ka maikutlo a hore li-interfaces li ka ntlafatsoa ho tšehetsa sepheo sena, ho kenyelletsa le ho hloka hore basebetsi ba 1) ba batle lintho tse hlalositsoeng (tse bontšitsoeng ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea kelello), le 2. ) ho hlahloba lintho tse khahlang, joalo ka meeli kapa lintho tse sa tloaelehang.37
   Mefuta e meng e menyenyane le e poteletseng ea mesebetsi e ka kenyelletsa likarolo tse kang melaetsa ea selefouno le litlhokomeliso tse susumelletsang opareitara ho hlahloba boemo ba tsamaiso.38 Leha ho le joalo, qetellong karabo ea ho lula u falimehile ke hore basebetsi ba etse mesebetsi e nang le moelelo, "mme ba se ke ba khutlela morao. -qetela”.39 Le hoja lenane-thuto le phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho aheng litsebo tsa bolebeli, kabo ea mesebetsi (e nang le morero) ho basebetsi ba batho e ntse e le senotlolo sa ho boloka. ho kenya letsoho kelellong.
2. Lebaka la bobeli le ka hlalosoa ke liphephetso tsa tlhaho tšebelisanong ea motho le mochini, ho kenyeletsoa le liphephetso tsa "automation complancy", 40 tahlehelo ea tlhokomelo e ka bang teng ha mesebetsi e itseng e iketsetsa, 'me tlhokomelo e ea mesebetsing e meng,41 kapa litebello tse sa hlakang kapa tse sa nepahalang ho tsoa ho tsamaiso. Tse ling tsa liqholotso tsena li tsoa ho se tsejoang e le 'automation conundrum'. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore tahlehelo ea ho falimeha ha motho e lekana ka kotloloho le ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea sistimi le ts'epahalo: "Ha othomathike e eketsoa haholoanyane tsamaisong, 'me ha othomathike e ntse e ts'epahala ebile e le matla, ho na le monyetla o fokolang oa hore basebelisi ba okametseng mochini ba tla fokotseha. ho tseba litaba tse hlokolosi le ho khona ho nka taolo ea matsoho ha ho hlokahala”.42
   Ha sistimi e itirisang haholo ebile e ts'epahala haholo e hloleha, e hlahisa liphephetso tse rarahaneng tsa ts'ebetso bakeng sa opareitara. Hobane maemo a phahameng a boiketsetso a eketsa ho itšetleha ka sistimi, ka nako e ts'oanang a eketsa monyetla oa ho hlaphoheloa ka letsoho ho hlolehileng. ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le lifate tse morung: "ha li phahame, li oela hole haholo". degradation,43 e amang haholo-holo litsamaiso tse ikemetseng tse sebetsang hantle tse sebetsang hantle nako e telele pele ho ho hloleha ha pele. Boemong bo joalo, basebetsi ba ithuta ho itšetleha haholo ka tsamaiso, ho e tšepa ho feta tekano, esita le ho ba ba sa tsotelleng. Calibration of trust e bolela “mangolo pakeng tsa tshepo ya motho ho automation le bokgoni ba automation”, mme e ka bonahala ka ho tshepa ho hoholo kapa ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho se tshepe.44
   Ho feta moo, moelelong oa tšebeliso ea AI, ho thata ho lekanya "bokhoni ba tsamaiso ea AI ea ho lekanya le ho phethahatsa mesebetsi e lebelletsoeng ka nepo". Tšebelisano ea AI (e hlalositsoe ho Karolo ea 47 le 3.2.), le maikutlo a hore batho le AI ba hloka ho sebelisana e le basebetsi-'moho le sepheo se arolelanoang, e tla le liqholotso tsa eona.

Moralo oa li-interface le maemo a tšebeliso
Moralo oa sehokelo o bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea ona48 kaha "o ka ama ka kotloloho bokhoni ba opareitara le takatso ea ho phethela mosebetsi ... ho utloisisa boemo ba hajoale, ho etsa liqeto, hammoho le ho beha leihlo le ho fana ka litaelo tsa boemo bo holimo ho sistimi ea liroboto". 49 Ka mohlalaample, liphuputso tse mabapi le taolo ea UAV bakeng sa mesebetsi ea boipiletso li senoletse hore basebetsi ba ne ba batla ho 'fofisa khamera', ho bolelang hore ho e-na le ho ela hloko ho laola koloi le litsamaiso tsa eona, basebetsi ba ile ba bontša khetho e matla ea ho khona ho beha k'hamera moo ho hlokahalang. ho finyella maikemisetso a maikemisetso a bona. Ka lebaka leo, likhetho tsa meralo li ne li tsepamisitsoe ho li-interface tsa basebelisi tse neng li tla felisa taolo e tobileng ea moqolo, sekontiri le ho lla.
Melao-motheo e akaretsang ea moralo oa AWS e se e rarollotsoe liforamong tse fapaneng. Ka mohlala, Lefapha la Tšireletso la United States Directive 3000.09 le bolela hore "khokahanyo pakeng tsa batho le mechine ea lisebelisoa tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng le tse ikemetseng e tla: a. E utloisisehe habonolo ho basebetsi ba koetlisitsoeng; b. Fana ka maikutlo a ka latelloang mabapi le boemo ba sistimi; c. Fana ka mekhoa e hlakileng bakeng sa basebetsi ba koetlisitsoeng ho kenya tšebetsong le ho tima mesebetsi ea tsamaiso”.
Keletso ena e ile ea phetoa ke United States ho GGE ka MELAO ka makhetlo a 'maloa. Tlaleho ea GGE ea 2019 e thathamisa "likhokahano le litsamaiso tsa mochini oa batho tse utloisisoang habonolo" e le mokhoa oa ho fokotsa kotsi, hammoho le mehato e kang "teko e matla le tlhahlobo ea litsamaiso" le koetliso ea basebetsi.
Ho tsepamisa maikutlo haholo tabeng ea ho hlakisa kapa ho 'utloisisa habonolo', leha ho le joalo, ho na le kotsi ea ho utloisisoa hampe e le tlhoko ea ho ba bonolo. Sena se ka 'na sa lebisa tlhokomelo e sa lekaneng ho micro-ergonomics, kapa likarolo tse kang' mala, boholo ba fonte, joalo-joalo tsamaisong ea pontšo, eo le hoja e le ea bohlokoa "eseng sebaka sa ho qala".54 E le molao, mesebetsi ea pontšo e lokela ho ameha. ka taolo ea 'tlhahisoleseding e amanang le thomo', ha e ntse e fokotsa 'boitsebiso bo sa amaneng le thōmo'.55 Leha ho le joalo, ho etsa maikutlo ka mekhoa e rarahaneng ha ho felle feela ho data e tsoang skrineng. The view hore "ho rarahana ha botekgeniki le maqheka ho ka fokotsoa ho ea maemong a laolehang ... ka sistimi e 'nepahetseng' le moralo oa sebopeho"56 e hanyetsanoa ke litsebi tse ngata tsa boenjineri ba litsamaiso tsa kelello, tse lumelang hore mokhoa ona ha o fokotse ho rarahana empa o mpa o o pata ho basebelisi.
Sena ha se bolele hore tharollo e itšetlehile ka ho rarahana ha pontšo, 58 empa hore maemo a mang a sebopeho sa sebopeho sa tsamaiso a tlameha ho finyelloa hore sebopeho se be se sebetsang ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le taolo ea batho.
Tlhokahalo ea mantlha tšebelisanong le AWS ke ho aha mohlala o motle oa kelello oa sistimi pele o sebelisoa (ho kenyeletsoa ho utloisisa maemo a sistimi ea othomathike, le hore na e sebetsa ka nepo le ho sebetsa ho latela maemo a lebelletsoeng), le ho utloisisa boemo ba sistimi. boholo ba boitšoaro, hammoho le liphetoho tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba teng tsamaisong ea nako-e leng karolo ea bohlokoa ea mekhoa e thehiloeng ho ML.59 Litlhoko tsena li tlameha ho bontšoa moralong oa sebopeho, hammoho le litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa koetliso.

Mekhoa ea ho theha moralo oa HMI

Karolo ena e fana ka tlhalosoview ea mekhoa ea moralo oa li-interface ka har'a litsamaiso tse ikemetseng le tse ikemetseng, ho qala ka 'moralo o shebaneng le batho', 'me e lateloe ke mekhoa ea 'interaction-focused'. Ha lipuisano tsa sehlopha sa batho le mochini60 kapa human-AI teaming61 li ntse li ata, likhetho tsa moralo oa sebopeho li ba thata le ho feta.
Human-systems integration (HSI), e leng sehlooho se qalileng bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1980, se bua ka maikutlo a batho mabapi le moralo le ts'ebetsong ea tsamaiso. Ke mokhoa oa 'kakaretso oa tsamaiso' o ikemiselitseng ho kopanngoa ho pholletsa le litsamaiso, ho kenyeletsoa batho, theknoloji, maemo a ts'ebetso, le likhokahano har'a likarolo tsena.62 Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe karolong ena, kenyelletso ea AI le ML (le ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho ntseng ho eketseha human-AI teaming) e senotse mefokolo mekhoeng ea boenjiniere ea setso kapa ea kelello, le ho se khone ho sebetsana le kamoo litsamaiso tse ncha li hlokang ho ikamahanya le maemo.

Moralo o shebaneng le batho
Litlhoko tse peli tse akaretsang bakeng sa baqapi ba li-interface ke:

1. ho utloisisa hore na basebelisi ba liroboto mesebetsing le libakeng tse fapaneng ba hloka ho tseba eng; le
2. ho etsa qeto ea mokhoa oa ho hlahisa tlhahisoleseling ka mokhoa o kopaneng molemong oa ho ts'ehetsa tlhokomeliso ea maemo le ho etsa liqeto.

Ho kopanya seo basebetsi ba hlokang ho se tseba ts'ebetsong ho bohlokoa molemong oa moralo o shebaneng le batho. Paradigm ena e hlahile lilemong tsa bo-1980 ho rarolla mefokolo ho paradigm e shebaneng le theknoloji eo ka tloaelo e neng e le maemo mme e bolelang hore sebopeho se tla bonts'a pele seo baenjiniere ba thehang sistimi ba se nkang se le bohlokoa, kapa seo ba se nkang e le sa bohlokoa. viewed joalo ka bohlokoa.
Boqapi bo shebaneng le batho, ho fapana le hoo, ke mokhoa oa ho theha le nts'etsopele ea litsamaiso "e ikemiselitseng ho etsa hore litsamaiso tse kopanetsoeng li sebelisoe haholoanyane ka ho tsepamisa maikutlo tšebelisong ea sistimi; ho sebelisa lintlha tsa batho, ergonomics le tsebo ea ts'ebeliso le mekhoa ".66 Moralo o shebaneng le batho, ebang o nahanoa e le lesole, moreki, kapa mosebelisi, o batla ho ntlafatsa sebopeho "ho potoloha kamoo batho ba sebetsang kateng, ho e-na le ho qobella batho ho fetoha. hore na li sebetsa joang ho amohela tsamaiso”.67 E nka opareitara e le "karolo ea tsamaiso joalo ka lisensara kapa khoutu e ka tlase", le eo bokhoni ba eona bo tlamehang ho kenyelletsoa moralong.

Ka ts'ebetso, moralo o shebaneng le batho o latela ts'ebetso e pheta-phetoang e qalang pele ho nts'etsopele ea sebopeho mme e hloka ho kopanya moralo le tlhahlobo ka "ntlafatso e ntseng e eketseha le ntlafatso e pheta-phetoang" ea sistimi, e ipapisitseng le lintlha le maikutlo,70 ho utloisisa basebelisi,71 le ho kopanya maikutlo a bona ho tloha qalong. Nakong ea ts'ebetso ena, ho ka 'na ha e-ba le thepa e hlahang tsamaisong, kapa batho ba ka sebelisa tsamaiso ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng. Sena se tla ama likhetho tse 'maloa moralong, ho kenyeletsoa palo ea moroalo oa kelello ho opareitara, ho ts'epa ha bona sistimi, le khetho ea nako ea ho sebelisa kapa ho tima mesebetsi e itseng.73 Ka bokhutšoanyane, ke ts'ebetso ea “ ho phenyekolla ho thehiloeng bopaking”.
Ka keketseho ea mesebetsi e ikemetseng, litlhoko tse ling tsa moralo o shebaneng le batho li khothalelitsoe molemong oa ho ts'ehetsa mosebeletsi kutloisisong ea bona ea tšebetso ea sistimi. Ntle le ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto, ho khothalelitsoe hore likhokahano li kenyelletse lintlha tse amanang le boemo ba boiketsetso (ho kenyeletsoa mekhoa le maemo a moeli oa sistimi), ts'ehetso bakeng sa phetoho ea mekhoa (ho kenyeletsoa le, bakeng sa ex.ample, tšehetso e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho fetela taolong ea matsoho), le ponaletso ea sistimi e fanang ka kutloisiso le ho tseba esale pele liketso tsa sistimi.

Mekhoa e shebaneng le tšebelisano
Mekhoa ea morao-rao ea meralo ea litsamaiso tse bohlale, ho qala ka bo-2010, e tsepamisitse maikutlo tšebetsong ea meralo e bopiloeng le ho arabela tšebelisano76 le ho its'etleha lipakeng tsa batho le mechini.
Ha e le hantle, tšebelisano e ne e lula e le karolo ea ts'ebetso ea moralo, feela ka mekhoa e fapaneng, 'me melao-motheo ea moralo o itšetlehileng ka batho ha e e-s'o tloheloe. Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng li tsepamisitse maikutlo haholo tabeng ea ho nka karolo ea tšebelisano-'moho ea tšebelisano-'moho ea batho le mochine, 'me ha theknoloji e se e khona ho ikamahanya le maemo ka potlako thutong ea tsamaiso. Khopolo-taba ena e totobatsoa ke kutloisiso e hlahang ea hore ho aha litsamaiso tse ipusang tse sebetsang hantle ho ipapisitse le mokhoa o atlehileng oa ho kopanya boipuso ba motho,77 kapa sehlopha sa batho-AI le hore ha bokhoni ba mochini bo ntse bo eketseha, bokhoni ba ho sebelisana le mochini78 le bona bo tlameha ho hola.
Bakeng sa mohlalaample, mokhoa o mong, "coactive design", e lekola litlamorao tsa moralo tse latelang ho tsoa ho sehlopha sa liroboto tsa batho, moo batho le litsamaiso li nkang karolo ka nako e le 'ngoe ho phetheng mosebetsi, le moo litsamaiso li hlokang ho raloa ho tšehetsa khokahanyo, tšebelisano-'moho le tšebelisano-'moho.79 Mokhoa ona oa moralo o nka sehlopha e le ts'ebetso e kenyelletsang mahlakore ka bobeli (batho le litsamaiso tsa AI) 'me o thehiloe holim'a ho its'etleha ho teng tšebelisanong lipakeng tsa tse peli.

Mefuta e meng ea tšebelisano-'moho lihlopheng tsa batho-AI e hlahisitsoe ka mokhoa oa "kabo e matla ea mosebetsi", 80 e bolelang hore mesebetsi e kotsi ka ho fetisisa le e bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e ka abeloa batho, ha liqeto tse ling li abeloa baemeli ba maiketsetso. Mokhoa ona o hloka hore litlhaloso e be karolo ea tšebelisano ea motho le moemeli (sheba karolo e buang ka ho hlaloseha) le karolo ea moralo oa sebopeho.
Mokhoa o mong o bitsoang "co-adaptive guide"81 o ipapisitse le molao-motheo o ts'oanang oa hore likhokahano li tlameha ho ikamahanya le maikutlo a morao-rao ho tsoa ho mosebelisi le ho lekanya ho kenya letsoho ka kelello, tšepo le ho fetola litebello ha nako e ntse e ea. Mokhoa ona o ikarabella bakeng sa 'likarolo tse tharo tse tsamaeang' tšebelisanong ea litsamaiso tsa batho litsamaisong tse ithutang ha nako e ntse e ea: 1) mekhoa e fetohang ea kelello ea batho ba sebetsang, joalo ka 2) lintlha tse teng fatše le tsona lia fetoha, joalo ka 3) tsamaiso. / AI mohlala ka boeona oa fetoha.
Sena se tla hloka hore sebopeho se hokahane le ho emela ho ithuta le ho feto-fetoha ha sistimi. E le hore tšebelisano ena e atlehe, e boetse e hloka hore tsamaiso e be moemeli haholo ka kutloisiso ea hore e khona ho etsa hore mokhanni a kenelle, joalo ka ho buisana le bona 'I need input' kapa 'ha ke tsebe' maemong a itseng. Thuto ea ho ikamahanya le maemo e tšehetsang mokhoa ona, e boetse e kenyelletsa hore mohlala oa tsamaiso ea mosebedisi o tla e tataisa ho lemoha ho se lumellane kapa matšoao a hanyetsanang 'me kahoo e ka sebetsa e le tšireletso. Bakeng sa mohlalaample, sistimi e ka emisa ka ho felletseng haeba opareitara e nkeloa sebaka ka tšohanyetso.

E meng ea melao-motheo ena e sebelisoa indastering ea likoloi tse ikemetseng, moo moralo oa li-interface o ntseng o atameloa haholo e le "mokhoa oa ho bopa hammoho", ho bolelang hore o lakatsa ho kopanya likhetho tsa bakhanni kapa ho hlahisa lintlha tsa tokiso, joalo ka ho khothaletsa mokhanni e monyane ho lefa. tlhokomelo e eketsehileng.85 Lefapheng la likoloi tse ikemetseng, ho ikamahanya le maemo ka ho khetheha ha basebelisi ho nkoa e le habohlokoa bakeng sa bokamoso ba indasteri le bakeng sa ho fumana tšepo e eketsehileng ho thekenoloji, haholo-holo maemong a phahameng a ho iketsetsa. tradeoff ka data e tsoang ho mokhanni, ho kenyeletsoa lintlha tse ling tsa biometric,86 hobane “ha u ntse u fana ka taolo e eketsehileng le ho haha ​​tšepo e eketsehileng, koloi e hloka ho tseba haholoanyane ka uena; joale uena joaloka opareitara u hloka ho behoa leihlo”.
Sesoleng, ts'ebeliso ea data ea biometric le neurophysiological moralong oa sebopeho ha se mohopolo o mocha, leha e ntse e le teng hajoale e ntse e hlahlojoa. Bakeng sa mohlalaample, lipapiso tse entsoeng taolong ea sephethephethe sa sefofane li sebelisitse liparamente tsa motsamao oa mahlo ho utloisisa litlhoko tsa kelello hammoho le ho feto-fetoha ha mosebetsi oa kelello ho latela mefuta e fapaneng ea lipontšo (mohlala, lipontšo tse ferekaneng tsa leholimo tse thatafatsang boiteko ba mofofisi oa ho ntša lintlha tse amehang).89 Leha sena se sebetsa. ho liteko le ho etsisa liprothokholo, tšebeliso ea data ea biometric le neurophysiological e ka kopanngoa ka mokhoa oa sebele oa nako e koetsoeng ea mokhoa oa ho hlahloba loop. Loop e joalo e ka lekola litšebelisano tsa mosebelisi le ho nchafatsa sistimi mabapi le boemo ba mosebelisi le mojaro o tsoelang pele oa kelello.

Boithuto ba botekgeniki bo totobatsang tlhokeho ea lintlha tse ngata tsa 'boemo ba mosebelisi' lits'ebetsong li tiisa taba ea hore, ha litsamaiso li ntse li fumana bokhoni bo bongata ba ho etsa liqeto, ho sebelisana ha batho le mochini ho ipapisitse le likarolo tsa ts'epo ho tsoa mahlakoreng ka bobeli. Boemong ba litsamaiso tse ikemetseng, moelelo oa trust91 o bua ka mekhoa ea netefatso e kentsoeng tsamaisong. Mekhoa e joalo e ne e tla netefatsa, mohlalaample, hore lintho tseo motho a li kenyang li lumellana ebile ha a amehe ke khatello ea maikutlo.92
Qetellong, mokhoa o mong oa moralo o kenyelletsa li-interfaces tse qoelisoang, tse 'nileng tsa batlisisoa lilemong tsa morao tjena libakeng tse sa tšoaneng, ho akarelletsa le likoloi tse ikemetseng93 le likoloi tse sa sebetseng tsa lifofane.94 Theknoloji ea ho qoelisoa le ho qoelisoa e bua ka lefatše la sebele le ts'oanelang, le matla,' me le kenyelletsa lintho tse kang tse tharo tse ruileng. -libaka tse nang le mahlakore le motsamao oa boleng bo holimo.

Virtual reality (VR) le augmented reality (AR) li 'nile tsa sebelisoa bakeng sa koetliso ea sesole le ho theha tikoloho e etsisoang. Leha ho le joalo, sebopeho se qoelisoang se tla sebelisoa bakeng sa ho phethahatsa thomo le molemong oa ho khothaletsa boitšoaro ba tšebelisano (ke hore, tšebelisano ea motho le mochini).
Ho qoelisoa, e le khetho ea moralo, ho nkoa e le sethala sa tšebelisano-'moho ea tlhaho 'me se khothaletsoa e le sesebelisoa se sebetsang sa ho bona lefatše la 'mele le pontšo ea lona ea seipone e nang le boemo bo tšoanang.96 Ho 'nile ha boleloa pejana hore hole le hole e entsoeng ka sehokelo e hlahisa 'moral buffer' e lumellang basebelisi ho ikarola liketsong tsa bona, le litlamorao tse mpe.97 Ho qoelisoa hape e ka ba mokhoa o molemo oa ho fokotsa holellana le kelello le boitšoaro, kameho e hlahisoang khafetsa tabeng ea AWS98 le, ka kakaretso, mabapi le lisebelisoa tsa libetsa tse sebetsang hole, joalo ka li-drones.

Mathata a koetliso

Koetliso ea basebetsi ba AWS ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea taolo. Bakeng sa mohlalaample, lipuisanong tsa GGE mabapi le MELAO, litlhaloso tsa taolo li bua ka nako eohle ea bophelo ba sebetsa, e kenyeletsang koetliso (sheba Sehlomathiso A).
Litsamaiso tse ikemetseng li hlahisa mefuta e mecha ea litlhoko tsa koetliso bakeng sa basebetsi ba batho, tse itšetlehileng ka thepa le ho rarahana ha sebopeho sa tsamaiso.
Qalong, basebetsi ba lokela ho utloisisa tsamaiso ka botlalo, ho ea ka meeli ea eona ea ts'ebetso le kabo ea ts'ebetso pakeng tsa motho le mochine.100 Ho feta moo, koetliso litabeng tsa mekhoa e ikemetseng e sebelisang AI ke phephetso ha litsamaiso li ntse li fetoha 'me li tsoela pele ho ithuta. .101 Litlhoko tsa koetliso li ba thata ho feta ha li bapisoa le litsamaiso tse tsitsitseng.102 Tsela eo litsamaiso li fetolang mehlala ea tsona ea ka hare hangata e lerootho ebile e thata ho e utloisisa esita le ho bahlahisi ba eona103 'me ho thata ho hlahisa mohlala oa ho ithuta oo mokhanni a ka koetlisang ho o sebelisa hobane tsamaiso e tla ithuta ka tsela e fapaneng libakeng tse fapaneng (mohlala, mohato oa koetliso khahlano le tikoloho ea ts'ebetso).

Ho utloisisa maemo a boikemelo le kabo ea tšebetso
Kabo ea mesebetsi le kamano pakeng tsa boemo bo lemohuoang / bo hlalosoang ba boitaolo le boemo ba 'nete ba bokhoni ba sistimi e ikemetseng bo bohlokoa ho lekanyeng tšepo le ho itšetleha ka sistimi.105 Lithuto tsa pele maemong a likoloi tse ikemetseng li senola lithuto tsa bohlokoa mabapi le semelo. likotsi nakong ea liphetoho pakeng tsa maemo kapa mekhoa ea ho iketsetsa, 'me ha motho ea sebetsang (mokhanni, tabeng ena) a sa hlahlobe meeli ea tsamaiso ka nepo. Bakeng sa mohlalaample, sebaka se tlokotsing ka ho khetheha se khethiloe sebakeng se pakeng tsa litsamaiso tse sa fellang le tse itirisang haholo, tse lebisang likotsing ha mokhanni a bona hore koloi e sebetsa ho feta kamoo e leng ka teng motsotsong o itseng.
Mathata a hlahang ka lebaka la kutloisiso e sa lekaneng ea bokhoni ba 'nete ba sistimi e bile teng sesoleng, mohlala-ka mohlala, ketsahalong ea Patriot fratricide ea 2003, moo sistimi ea metsu ea US Army Patriot e ileng ea thunya UK Tornado le US Navy F/ A-18. Lipontšo tsa sistimi li ne li ferekanya 'me ka linako tse ling li fosahetse. Basebelisi ba ne ba e-na le metsotsoana ea 10 ho thibela tharollo ea k'homphieutha 'me ba ne ba se na koetliso "ka mokhoa o rarahaneng haholo oa tsamaiso-ka-mokhelo".

Boiphihlelo ba mekhoa e joalo bo ile ba etsa hore setsebi sa kelello sa boenjiniere le US Army Research Laboratory se fihlele qeto ea hore "mokhoa o ikemetseng o matsohong a basebetsi ba sa rutehang ka mokhoa o lekaneng ke tsamaiso ea de facto e feletseng". ho sebetsana le ho hloleha ha sistimi,108 kapa ho se khone ho tlola tšebetso ea sistimi, ho etsa hore e be "boitaolo ka botlalo ka ho se tsotelle".
Koetliso maemong a litsamaiso tse ikemetseng e tlameha ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho nts'etsopele ea boitseanape ba basebelisi.111 Sena se kenyelletsa lintlha tse peli tsa palo le boleng:

• boleng, ka tsepamiso e matla haholoanyane ho nts'etsopele ea mehlala ea kelello ea tsamaiso, le ka a view ho etsa bonnete ba hore koetliso ha se feela 'phetisetso ea tloaelo' (phephetso e tloaelehileng ha ho sebelisoa sebopeho se secha hobane basebelisi ba tla atisa ho bua ka mehlala ea khale).113 Sena se kenyeletsa kutloisiso, bakeng sa mohlala.ample, mefuta-futa e kang boholo ba mesebetsi e ikemetseng, liphetoho tsa tsamaiso ho tloha tikolohong e 'ngoe ho ea ho e 'ngoe, hammoho le moo tsamaiso e leng tlokotsing haholo kapa ho hloka botsitso ha eona;114 le
• palo, ho kenyelletsa le liphetoho tsa nako ea koetliso,115 kapa, bakeng sa mohlalaample, linakong tsa ho nchafatsa lithupelo.

Leha ho le joalo, ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ho na le mefokolo e sa khaotseng ea batho ea koetliso tabeng ea mesebetsi ea bolebeli. Ho falimeha ho tsitsitseng mesebetsing ea bolebeli ho lemohuoa e le mosebetsi o boima haholo.117 Ho tsepamisa maikutlo ke taba ea khetho le koetliso, 'me joale hoa tsebahala hore batho ba bang ba betere ho feta ba bang.118 Leha ho le joalo, esita le mekhoa e nepahetseng ea khetho le koetliso e tlamang, nako e telele e sebelisoang mesebetsing e pheta-phetoang kapa ea ho laola e tla lebisa ho eketseha ha litekanyetso tsa liphoso. Tharollo ea ho boloka basebetsi ba ameha ka kelello e ipapisitse le lintlha tse rarahaneng ho kenyelletsa le ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea mesebetsi e ikemetseng119 e tla lumella basebelisi ba batho ho utloisisa sistimi hantle, ho ithuta hore na ba khutlela taolong ea matsoho neng le joang, le ho qoba ho lahleheloa ke maikutlo a boikarabello.

Koetliso bakeng sa lihlopha tsa batho-AI
Qetellong, maemong a ho hola ha ho sebelisana lipakeng tsa batho le litsamaiso tsa AI, sehlopha se ntseng se eketseha sa lipatlisiso se totobatsa hore koetliso e tlameha ho fetoloa hore e nahanele kopano ea batho le AI le tšebelisano 'moho.

Sena se hlohlelletsoa ke tebello ea hore ka ho eketseha ha maemo a boipuso litsamaisong tsa libetsa, batho le litsamaiso tsa AI li tla hokahanya ho etsa mesebetsi e rarahaneng haholo joalo ka yuniti e kopaneng. Koetliso tabeng ena e ke ke ea lekanyetsoa feela ho fetisa tsebo, 'me e tla kenyelletsa koetliso hammoho. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore mahlakore a mabeli a tla sebelisana e le 'lithaka', e mong le e mong a fane ka boitsebelo ba hae le matla a ho nka khato.121 Tabeng ena, sepheo sa koetliso ea batho-AI se tla hloka ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho sebetsa 'moho le ho ithuta ka ba bang. 122
Sena se kenyelletsa liphetoho tse peli tse kholo thupelong ha li bapisoa le koetliso ea sehlopha sa batho le batho:123

• liphetoho tsa menahano, tse buang ka litaba tse joalo ka leeme,124 ts'epo le netefatso (phephetso ea tlhaho bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa AI), tseo batho ba li lebelletseng le tse batlang litsamaiso tsa AI, mme tse ka lebisang leemeng le lebe ho AI;125 le
• liphetoho tsa tsamaiso, tse kenyeletsang mekhoa e mecha ea mosebetsi le koetliso ea sehlopha, ho kenyelletsa le tlhokahalo ea ho rala koetliso e nepahetseng e thehiloeng ho ipapisitse le maemo a phelang le a maiketsetso.126

Sena se tlisa litlhoko tse eketsehileng bakeng sa motho ea sebetsang ho motho ea hlokang ho utloisisa 1) karolo ea bona; 2) tsamaiso ea AI; 3) mokhoa oa ho sebelisana le tsamaiso ea AI / basebetsi-'moho; le 4) mokhoa oa ho sebelisana le basebetsi-'moho le batho ba bang. 127
Lipatlisiso lefapheng lena li mathoasong a eonatagempa e tla ba ea bohlokoa haeba le ha mekhoa e teng ea ho kopanya le ho koetlisa e ke ke ea tšehetsa tekanyo e feletseng ea ho rarahana e tlisoang ke ho hlahisoa ha mesebetsi e mengata e ikemetseng.

Lebokose la 3. 'Sehlopha sa batho-AI', anthropomorphism, le Molao-motheo oa Tataiso (i)
Tšebeliso ea likhopolo tse kang 'lithaka' kapa 'ho kopanya lihlopha' mabapi le litsamaiso tsa AI (tse hlahisang anthropomorphism) libukeng tsa tekheniki ha li behe litsamaiso tsa tlhaho ha li bapisoa le tsa batho mabapi le boikarabello le boikarabello ba molao. Ho e-na le hoo, sepheo ke ho toboketsa taba ea hore boipuso bo eketsehileng bo tlisa ho rarahana le ho its'epahallana ho sebelisana ha motho le mochini, le hore koetliso hammoho ke eona feela tsela ea ho utloisisa sistimi, ho aha tšepo, ho fihlela khokahano e sebetsang ea litsamaiso tsa batho, le ho lekanya litebello. . Tlaleho ea SIPRI / ICRC "Meeli ea Boiketlo ba Lihlomo tsa Lihlomo" e fana ka ntlha ea hore ho tsitlella khopolong ea ho kopana ha mochine oa batho litokomaneng tsa maano ho bontša hore sesole se batla ho etsa bonnete ba hore batho ba tsoela pele ho sebetsa le ho laola AWS.128.
Leha ho le joalo, ha ho pelaelo hore sena e ntse e le ntlha ea tlhokomelo bakeng sa GGE mabapi le MELAO, e sa khothaletseng tšebeliso ea puo ea anthropomorphic (Sheba Molao-motheo (i) oa Melao-motheo ea Tataiso) ha ho etsoa mehato ea leano bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa libetsa tse thehiloeng ho thekenoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa MELAO. Joalo ka ha sechaba sa tekheniki se sebelisa mantsoe a kang 'teaming' e le mekhabo-puo (ho e-na le ho abela mokhatlo ho litsamaiso tse ikemetseng), ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka moo tšebeliso ea tekheniki ea puo ea anthropomorphic e sa hlalosoang ka tsela e ka tlolang molao-motheo ona.
GGE e ka rua molemo ka tlhaloso e eketsehileng mabapi le:

1. hore na e hloka ho tsoela pele ho tšoaneleha le ho qaqisa molao-motheo o ipapisitse le moralo oa tšebelisano ea motho le mochini e hlahang lithutong tsa tekheniki; le
2. mokhoa oa ho etsa bonnete ba hore puo ea anthropomorphic ha e hlalosoe hampe le hore ha e thatafatse kutloisiso ea boikarabelo ba molao le boikarabello.

AI e hlalosang le ponaletso

Sebopeho sa 'black box' sa intelligent sys-tems129 se thatafatsa tšebelisano le mosebelisi oa ho qetela 'me se ka fella ka mehlala e sa nepahaleng ea kelello, ea theha tšepo e fokolang kapa e ngata haholo.130 Boiteko ba ho etsa hore AI e be pepeneneng le ho hlalosoa e atile lilemong tsa morao tjena. ho se ho ntse ho hlokomeloa hore ho se bone hantle ha AI ho ama hampe ts'epo ea sistimi le mekhoa ea eona ea ho etsa liqeto.
Sistimi ea litlhaloso e kentsoeng ka har'a sehokelo e ka fokotsa tse ling tsa likotsi tsena nakong ea ts'ebeliso ea AWS empa ho na le mathata a mangata (esita le mathata a ka bang teng) ka mekhoa e teng.

AI e hlalosang (XAI) ke tšimo e shebaneng le kutloisiso le tlhaloso ea (boitšoaro ba) litsamaiso tsa AI.131 Tlhaloso e fapane le ponaletso kaha tlhaloso e hlahloba mekhoa ea tsamaiso ka mokhoa oa morao-rao, ho bolelang hore o sheba hore na ke eng. mochini o entse le ho fana ka litlhaloso tsa post hoc. Pontšo e pepeneneng, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e fana ka kutloisiso ea retime ea liketso tsa sistimi. Ha e ntse e le maemong a ts'ebetso ea sesole, pepeneneng e bohlokoa haholo ho ts'ehetsa ho etsoa ha liqeto ka nako ea nnete, tlhaloso le ponaletso li bohlokoa ho aheng SA. Bokhoni ba ho hlalosa, ha nako e lumela, bo ka ntlafatsa review ditshebetso le mohlala wa kelello wa tsamaiso, e ka amang bokamoso SA.132

Lebokose la 4. Tlhaloso le tlhaloso
Tlhaloso le tlhaloso li amana haholo, 'me hangata li sebelisoa ka ho fapanyetsana, le hoja likhopolo tse peli li fapane.

• Tlhaloso ke bokhoni ba ho hlahisa liphetho ka mantsoe a utloisisoang ke motho. E bua ka boleng ba tsamaiso ea ho fana ka lintlha tse lekaneng hore motho a tsebe ho bolela esale pele sephetho.
• Tlhaloso e bolela "mokhoa oa ka hare le mekhoa e ka hare ho mochine oa ho ithuta"134 le bokhoni ba ho hlalosa mekhoa eo ka mantsoe a batho.
• Mohlala o ka tolokoang o bolela hore kamano ea sephetho le sephetho e ka khethoa ka molao empa ha e bolele hore batho ba ka utloisisa ts'ebetso ea eona. Phapang ena e poteletseng e hlahisa potso e entsoeng lipatlisisong tsa XAI ea hore na mohlala oa tlhaloso o lokela ho amahanngoa le kutloisiso ea motho kapa mohlala oa mochine.
• LIME ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e tsebahalang haholo ea ho toloka bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa mabokose a matšo. LIME e fana ka tlhaloso ea sebaka ka ho ferekanya datha e le 'ngoe ea lehae (joalo ka ka ho fetola boleng) le ho sheba hore na sephetho se fetoha joang. Sephetho sa LIME se tla ka sebopeho sa lethathamo la litlhaloso tse bonts'ang hore na karolo ka 'ngoe e kentse letsoho joang bokhopong.

XAI dashboards le mefokolo ea bona
Mekhoa e mengata ea XAI e tsepamisitse maikutlo mekhoeng ea ho bona pono ka li-interfaces le li-dashboard tse bonts'ang likarolo tsa ts'ebetso ea AI. Bakeng sa mohlalaample, li-interfaces tsa litlhaloso li ka tloha mabokoseng a lipuisano le litšoantšo tsa litšoantšo ka mokhoa oa chate ea phae e bontšang monyetla, ho ea ho li-interfaces tse sebetsanang moo basebelisi ba ka sebelisanang le tsamaiso ka ho khetha algorithm e molemo ka ho fetisisa ho tse 'maloa.

Ho bona pono ho ka thusa ho matlafatsa ts'epo e kholo ho sistimi ea AI, hammoho le mokhatlo o mong oa batho. Liphuputso li bontšitse, mohlalaample, hore ho fana ka tlhahisoleseling e amanang le ho hloka botsitso ha sistimi ho ntlafalitse ts'ebetso, ho kenyeletsoa le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea batho ho tsoa ho sistimi.

Lebokose la 6. Litekanyetso tsa XAI
Bothata bo ka sehloohong ho XAI ke hore hangata ha ho hlake hore na ke "tlhaloso" le "tlhaloso" efe eo e itšetlehileng ka eona. Ka tatellano ea mantsoe, ho bolela eng hore tsamaiso e hlalosoe? Hantle-ntle tlhaloso e lokela ho ba ka eng? Kapa tekanyetso ea ho lekola tlhaloso e nepahetse kapa e khotsofatsa ka ho lekaneng?
Ho lekola litekanyetso tsa litekanyetso tsa XAI ke taba ea lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele. Examplikarolo tse ling tsa lihlopha tsa litekanyetso tsa tekanyo li kenyelletsa:

• 'botle ba tlhaloso', e hlahlobang thepa le likarolo tsa tlhaloso e fanang ka tlhaloso e ntle-li lokela ho ba tse feletseng, tse utloahalang, tse eketsang, 'ho se be le ho feta', joalo-joalo;141
• ntlafatso ea ts'ebetso, e hlahlobang litekanyo mabapi le hore na tlhaloso e thusa mosebeletsi ho sebelisa AI mosebetsing oa bona ho fihlela sepheo sa bona kapa ho bolela esale pele; 142 le
• tšusumetso kutloisisong ea mosebelisi/mohlala oa kelello oa sistimi.

Le hoja 'XAI Pipeline' e kenyelletsa mefuta e mengata ea ML le mekhoa ea ho hlahloba pono, 143 e ntse e hlahisa boemo bo phahameng ba ho rarahana, e leng se etsang hore boholo ba bona bo utloisisehe ho litsebi tsa ML feela.144 Meeli e meng ea XAI e kenyeletsa hore:

• ho tšepa ha se bothata ba tekheniki feela — ke ts'ebetso e matla, 'me pono e ke ke ea rarolla mathata ohle a amanang le ts'epo;
• litlhaloso li ka matlafatsa mehlala e fosahetseng ea kelello, li ka sithabetsa batho ka lintlha tse ngata kapa tsa kenyelletsa lipheletsong tse ngata tse hlephileng,146 e ka ba lisebelisoa tse susumetsang maemong ao ho ka hlokehang netefatso e eketsehileng ('me kahoo ea lebisa maemong a ho tšepana ho feteletseng),' me ba ka e hlalosoa ka tsela e fapaneng ke basebelisi ba fapaneng;147 le
• maemong a ntoa, lisebelisoa tse ling tse hlalosang li ka eketsa mosebetsi o mongata haholo, joalo ka ha opareitara a na le nako e lekanyelitsoeng ea ho khutlisa.view tlhaloso ea tsamaiso.

XAI le litsamaiso tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng
Le hoja litsamaiso tse hlakileng le tse hlakileng li lokela ho khethoa ho feta mabokose a matšo, ho bohlokoa ho hopola hore tlhaloso ha se bullet ea silevera bakeng sa ho matlafatsa tšepo le mekhoa e sa sebetseng hantle e ka ba e sa sebetseng hantle. Tabeng ea AWS, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ngata ho hlalosa mekhoa e metle ea ponaletso ea tsamaiso le mefuta ea tlhahisoleseding e pepeneneng, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahisoleseding ho pholletsa le lihlopha tsa ts'ebetso.149 Sena sea hlaka, bakeng sa ex.ample, ha ho nahanoa ka likhetho tse ling tse hlahisitsoeng pejana tse neng li tla ba le likarolo tsa ponts'o ea lihokelo, joalo ka percentagmenyetla (mohlala, 87% ea menyetla ea hore X ke sepheo se nepahetseng) ho mosebelisi e le mokhoa oa ho matlafatsa ts'epo tsamaisong. Mokhoa o joalo o ka eketsa, ha e le hantle, mathata a mang tšebetsong ea ho etsa liqeto, 'me ha se ntho e 'ngoe ntle le "AI e etsisang kamano le motho ka linomoro",150 ntle le ho tiisetsa mokhanni ka mokhoa o utloahalang. Na 87% e na le monyetla o lekaneng ho tsoela pele le ho etsa sepheo? 13% e setseng e bolela eng? Ho feta moo, na tlhahisoleseling e lokela ho hlahisoa e le 'nete ea 87%' kapa e le 'ho hloka bonnete ba 13%'?
Mathata a mang le ona a hlaha maemong a AI e hlakileng ka botlalo le e ka hlalosoang, e leng se ka bolelang hore onus haeba phoso e oela ho motho ea sebetsang ka botlalo. Boemo bona bo ka hlahisa boikarabello bo sa leka-lekaneng le boikarabello bakeng sa (basebetsi), kaha AI e ke ke ea ikarabella hobane ha ho mekhoa e joalo.
Nts'etsopele ea nako e tlang ea mekhoa ea XAI, leha e se ntle le ts'episo, e hloka ho raloa ka hloko le ho kopanngoa le lits'ebetso e le ho tsamaisa tšebelisano ea batho le mochini ka nepo ho matlafatsa ts'epo ea batho le taolo ea batho.

Liqeto

Likhokahano tsa motho le mochini ho AWS li bohlokoa bakeng sa tšebeliso ea taolo ea batho empa ho na le liphephetso tse kholo le maikutlo a moralo le ts'ebeliso pele monyetla oo oa taolo o fanoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho opareitara.
Tlaleho ena e notlollotse likarolo tse 'maloa tsa likhokahano tsa motho le mochini, ha e ntse e kopanya lipuisano maemong a boipuso le tšebelisano ea motho le mochini. E sebelisitse lintlha tse 'maloa tse tsoang indastering ea likoloi tse ikemetseng, moo menahano ea taolo e tsoetseng pele haholo lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng.

Liqeto tse akaretsang

• Boithuto ba li-HMI, joalo ka li-subsystems tsa AWS, bo senola ho rarahana ha taolo ea motho-e le bokhoni bo kentsoeng ka sebopeho sa sebopeho, se lengoang ka mokhoa oa koetliso, le ho thusoa (kapa ho sekisetsoa) ke thepa e itseng ea thekenoloji (mohlala, XAI).
• Kenyelletso ea mesebetsi e ikemetseng le AI, haholo-holo ML, lits'ebetsong tsa libetsa, e holisa likhetho le mekhoa ea tšebelisano ea motho le mochini; e fana ka moralo le ntlafatso ea likhokahano tsa batho le mochini o rarahaneng haholo, e leng se fetolelang tlhoko ea mefuta e mecha ea koetliso ea basebelisi ba batho.

Moralo oa sefahleho 

• Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1950, mekhoa ea moralo oa sebopeho e fetohile ho tloha ho thekenoloji ho ea ho mosebelisi / motho ho ea ho tšebelisano / motho-AI e le sehlopha, e bonts'ang ho eketseha ha mesebetsi ea boipuso le ea boipuso.
• Ke habohlokoa hore GGE e mabapi le MELAO e nahane ka se boleloang ke li-paradigms tsena ho latela leano la pholisi ha li fetela ka nģ'ane ho lintlafatso tsa tekheniki 'me li bonahatsa liphetoho tse tebileng tšebelisanong ea batho le mochine, tse nang le liphello tse tobileng taolong ea batho.

Koetliso 

• Koetliso ea basebetsi ba batho, ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea batho, e tla le mathata a macha maemong a boipuso ho AWS, 'me ha li-interface li ntse li rarahana le ho feta.
• Koetliso e hloka kutloisiso e hlakileng ea mefokolo ea AWS, likabelo tse sebetsang, le ho hlōleha ha tsamaiso, 'me e tlameha ho sebetsana le lintlha tse tloaelehileng tsa boitšoaro (mohlala, ho se tsotelle) ha ho ntse ho boloka kutloisiso e hlakileng ea boikarabelo le boikarabello.

AI e hlalosoang 

• Le hoja e nkoa e le mokhoa oa ho fokotsa likotsi tsa ho se tšepe thekenoloji ka ho hlahisa kutloisiso le ho tseba lintho esale pele, XAI e ntse e le tharollo e lekanyelitsoeng bakeng sa mathata a tlhaho a pepeneneng le a hlalosang a litsamaiso tse ikemetseng. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang ea UNIDIR e tla sebetsana le sehlooho sena ka botlalo.
• Boiteko ba ho fana ka tlhaloso le ponaletso ho li-sys-tems tse nolofalitsoeng ke AI li tlameha ho etsoa ka ho nahanela litlhoko tsa sesole ho pholletsa le lihlopha tsa ts'ebetso, maemo le litlhoko tsa basebelisi. Sena se tlameha ho tsamaellana le lipatlisiso tse phethahetseng mabapi le moralo oa lifahleho tse fapaneng tse emelang hantle tlhahisoleseling ea pepeneneng le bofokoli ba sistimi, molemong oa ho lekanya litebello le ho matlafatsa tšepo ho thekenoloji.

Litlhahiso tsa maano
Tlaleho ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore mosebetsi o tsoelang pele le o tlang oa GGE mabapi le MELAO o lokela ho ikemisetsa ho:

• Etsa lipuisano tse hlakileng le tse hlakileng ka litaba tse amanang le tšebelisano ea motho le mochini maemong a boipuso, le karolo ea likhokahano taolong ea batho. Sena se lokela ho kenyelletsa likarolo tse hokahaneng tsa moralo oa sebopeho le koetliso ea basebetsi maemong a litsamaiso tse bohlale, litaba tsa ho hlalosa mekhoa ea AI, le ho tšepa theknoloji.
• Hlalosa ka ho hlaka litebello le merero e amanang le taolo ea batho e lokelang ho tataisa ntlafatso ea nako e tlang ea li-interfaces tsa litsamaiso tsa AI. Lipuisano tsa Sehlopha li bile le thuso ho theheng taba ea taolo ea batho sechabeng sa botekgeniki, empa ho hlokahala tlhaloso e eketsehileng ho netefatsa hore moelelo oa taolo ea batho o hlalosoa ka ho hlaka, 'me o sebetsa ho pholletsa le mefuta ea litsamaiso tsa libetsa le maemo a ts'ebetso.
• Buisanang ka litlamorao tsa ho kopana ha batho-AI bakeng sa taolo ea batho holim'a AWS. Mokhabo-puo oa 'sehlopha' ha o bolele boemo bo lekanang pakeng tsa batho le litsamaiso tsa AI, 'me o tiisa hore batho ba lula ba laola; leha ho le joalo, e hlahisa lipotso tse ncha mabapi le moelelo oa taolo ea motho. Maikutlo a tsoang ho litsebi tsa tekheniki a bohlokoa ho lekola litlamorao le liphephetso tsa paradigm ena.

Sehlomathiso A

Lintlha tse qotsitsoeng tse amanang le tšebelisano ea motho le mochini le taolo ea batho ho tsoa ho GGE ho Litlaleho tsa LAWS

• 21. Lenaneong la ntlha 5 (c) “Tlhokomelo e eketsehileng ea karolo ea motho tšebelisong ea matla a bolaeang; lintlha tsa tšebelisano-'moho ea batho le mochini nts'etsopele, phepelo le ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a ntseng a hlaha sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng" Sehlopha se ile sa phethela ka tsela e latelang:
  Boikarabello ba botho bakeng sa tšebeliso ea litsamaiso tsa libetsa tse thehiloeng ho thekenoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng li ka sebelisoa ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng ho pholletsa le potoloho ea bophelo ea lisebelisoa tsena tsa libetsa le ka tšebelisano ea batho le mochine.
• 23. Lenaneong la 5 (d) “Review mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea sesole e ka bang teng ea theknoloji e amanang le maemo a mosebetsi oa Sehlopha” Sehlopha se ile sa phethela ka tsela e latelang:
  (…)
• (b) Mehato ea ho fokotsa kotsi e ka kenyelletsa: liteko tse matla le tlhahlobo ea litsamaiso, ts'ebetso ea molaoviews, likhokahano le litsamaiso tsa mochini oa batho tse utloisisehang habonolo, basebetsi ba koetlisang, ho theha lithuto le lits'ebetso, le tšebeliso ea libetsa e potolohang ka melao e nepahetseng ea boitlamo;
• Sehlomathiso IV
  Melao-motheo e Tataisang
  • (c) Tšebelisano-'moho le batho, e ka nka mefuta e fapaneng 'me ea kengoa ts'ebetsong libakeng tse fapanengtagea nako ea bophelo ba sebetsa, e lokela ho etsa bonnete ba hore tšebeliso e ka bang teng ea litsamaiso tsa libetsa tse ipapisitseng le litheknoloji tse ntseng li hlaha sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa li lumellana le molao o sebetsang oa machaba, haholo-holo IHL. Ha ho etsoa qeto ea boleng le boholo ba tšebelisano ea motho le mochine, ho lokela ho nahanoa lintlha tse ngata tse kenyeletsang maemo a ts'ebetso, le litšobotsi le bokhoni ba tsamaiso ea libetsa ka kakaretso;
  • (g) Ditekolo tsa kotsi le mehato ya phokotso e lokela ho ba karolo ya moralo, ntshetsopele, teko le phepelo ya dithekenoloji tse hlahang mekgweng efe kapa efe ya dibetsa;

A. Tshekatsheko ya mathata a ka bang teng a bakwang ke dithekenoloji tse ntseng di hlaha sebakeng sa ditsamaiso tse kotsi tsa dibetsa tse ikemetseng ho molao wa matjhaba wa botho.

1. Kakaretso ea lintho tse kenang le phapanyetsano
   • 9. Linaha tse ling li se li entse molao oa naha ho netefatsa hore motho o lula a ikarabella bakeng sa liqeto mabapi le nts'etsopele le ts'ebeliso ea libetsa. Ho latela molao-motheo o tataisang (d), mehato e fapaneng e ka khothaletsa boikarabello, ho kenyeletsoa liteko tse matla le koetliso, ho theha mekhoa le lithuto, le ho sebelisa mokhoa oa libetsa ho latela koetliso e hlophisitsoeng, thuto le mekhoa. […]
   • C. Ho ela hloko ho feta karolo ea motho ts'ebelisong ea matla a bolaeang; likarolo tsa tšebelisano ea mochini oa batho nts'etsopele, phepelo le ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a hlahang sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng.
2. Kakaretso ea lintho tse kenang le phapanyetsano
   • 27. Linaha li lokela ho etsa bonnete ba hore tšebeliso ea matla e tlameha ho bonahatsa mokhatlo oa batho le sepheo sa batho le hore likahlolo tse hlokahalang ho fana ka tumello ea tšebeliso ea sesole li tlameha ho etsoa ke batho. Liqeto tsa batho tse ipapisitseng le maemo li ea hlokahala ho netefatsa hore IHL e tsamaellana le eona. Basebetsi ba batho, haholo-holo letotong la litaelo le taolo, ba tlameha ho ba le tsebo e lekaneng le kutloisiso ea tsamaiso ho ba le kholiseho ea hore e tla sebetsa joalokaha ho reriloe tlhaselong e itseng.
   • 28. Tšebelisano ea batho le mechine e 'nile ea totobatsoa ke ba bangata e le lejoe la motheo leo ho lona ho ka etsoang moralo oa ts'ebetso le o tloaelehileng oa nakong e tlang. Litlhaloso tse ngata li ne li nka hore molao-motheo o tataisang (c) e ne e le oa bohlokoa haholo mosebetsing oa sehlopha. Tse ngatanyana viewed hore molao-motheo ona o hloka mosebetsi o eketsehileng oa ho fumana mofuta le boholo ba ho kenya letsoho ha batho ho hlokehang tšebelisong ea theknoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa MELAO. Ho ka 'na ha se ke ha hlokahala hore ho be le "tekanyo e le' ngoe e lekanang tsohle" bakeng sa tšebelisano ea mochine oa batho; ditlhoko tsa tšebelisano e joalo li ka ipapisa le maemo a ts'ebetso le litšobotsi tsa sistimi ea libetsa 'me li ka hloka ho khethoa ho latela maemo. Sepheo se seng se ka bang teng sa ho sebelisana ha mechine ea batho e ka ba ho tiisa hore batho ba boloka taolo ea libetsa tseo ba li sebelisang le tseo ba li sebelisang le liphello tse hlahang. Tlhaloso ea mekhoa e metle ka tšebelisano ea motho le mochine e ka matlafatsang ho lumellana le IHL e ka ba ea bohlokoa. Tšebelisano ea motho le mochini e kanna ea hloka ho nahanoa maemong a mang le a mangtage ea bophelo ba tsamaiso ea libetsa.
   • 29. Ho bile le puisano e kholo ea bohlokoa ba taba ea "taolo ea batho". Mehato e thehiloeng mohopolong oa taolo ea motho e ka hloka ho nahanoa ho ipapisitse le litšobotsi tse ikhethileng tsa sebetsa, tikolohong ea ts'ebetso, ka nako ea ts'ebetso e ikemetseng, sebaka sa ho sisinyeha sebakeng se itseng le ho sebelisana ha motho le mochini. Mehato e joalo e ka boela ea hlakisa: tekanyo ea ho bolela esale pele e hlokahalang boitšoarong ba sesebelisoa sa libetsa; tekanyo e hlokahalang ea koetliso le kutloisiso ea tsamaiso ea libetsa; le bokgoni ba motho ba ho tima kapa ho tlola tshebetso ya sehlomathiso. Tlhokahalo ea ho koala, leha ho le joalo, e ka fetela ka nģ'ane ho seo Linaha li se hlokang lihlomong tse sebelisoang hajoale. Taolo e sebetsang ea batho, ho kenya letsoho kapa kahlolo e ka 'na ea se ke ea lekana le ho laola, ho laola ka letsoho empa ho e-na le mabaka a maemo a kenyeletsang meeli e behiloeng holim'a sebetsa le tikoloho ea tšebeliso, le litlhoko tsa ho sebelisana le mochine oa batho. [khatello e kenyellelitsoe] Ho hlokahala mosebetsi o mong hape ka har'a Sehlopha ho utloisisa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa taolo ea batho, ho kenyeletsoa mofuta le tekanyo e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho lumellana le IHL ho pholletsa le likarolo tsohle.tagtšiea ea potoloho ea bophelo ba tsamaiso ea libetsa. Phapanyetsano ea maano a lehae le mekhoa e metle e amanang le molao-motheo ona e ka ba molemo.
   • 30. Bokhoni ba ho thibela tsamaiso ka ho beha meeli, har'a tse ling, nako ea ts'ebetso ea eona, mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebetso le mesebetsi e ka sebetsang ka boithaopo, 'me ka hona ho fumana hore na tšebeliso ea sesebelisoa sa libetsa e ka ba molaong, e ne e nkoa e le ea bohlokoa ke baemeli ba' maloa. Basebetsi le balaoli ba batho ba hloka kutloisiso e lekaneng ea mechini eo ba e sebelisang le li-algorithms tse laolang tšebetso ea mechini ho sebelisa kahlolo e nepahetseng le ho netefatsa hore tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa libetsa e lula e le ka har'a molao o sebetsang oa machaba; ka hona, taolo e ka hloka ho tsebisoa ka botlalo hore e atlehe. Ho boetse ho hlokahala hore ho be le kutloisiso ea tikoloho ea ts'ebetso. Taolo ea batho/karolelano/kahlolo e ka ipapisa le bokhoni ba ho kenella ts'ebetsong ea sebetsa, hang ha sebetsa, leha ho ka 'na ha boela ha e-ba le ntlha eo ka mor'a moo ho kenella ha motho ts'ebetsong ea sebetsa ho neng ho sa khonehe. Qetellong, ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore taolo ea batho / ho kenya letsoho / kahlolo ho hlokahala hore e be haufi le tlhaselo ka nakoana, hore e lule e sebetsa.
3. Lintlha tse ka khonehang bakeng sa likhothaletso tsa tumellano
   • 31. Ka ho ela hloko melao-motheo e tataisang le sephetho sa sehlopha sa lenane la 5 (c) la tlaleho ea lona CCW/GGE.1/2019/3, serapa sa 21, sehlopha se ile sa nka lintlha tse latelang e le motheo o ka khonehang bakeng sa likhothaletso tsa tumellano mabapi. ho hlakisa, ho nahanoa le nts'etsopele ea likarolo tsa moralo o tloaelehileng le oa ts'ebetso oa litheknoloji tse ntseng li hlaha sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng:
     (a) Boikarabello ba botho bakeng sa tšebeliso ea litsamaiso tsa libetsa tse thehiloeng ho thekenoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng li ka sebelisoa ka litsela tse fapaneng ho pholletsa le potoloho ea bophelo ea lisebelisoa tsena tsa libetsa le ka ho sebelisana le batho.
4. Libaka tsa mosebetsi o ka bang teng nakong e tlang ka a view ho fihlela lintlha tse ling bakeng sa likhothaletso tsa tumellano
   • 32. Sehlopha se ka phehella mosebetsi o eketsehileng mabapi le nts'etsopele ea mekhoa ea ho laola batho e hlokahalang ho etsa bonnete ba hore tšebeliso ea theknoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa MELAO e ka fokotsoa joalokaha ho hlokoa ke IHL, ho kenyelletsa le ka: (i) lithibelo tsa ts'ebetso tsamaisong ea libetsa, ( ii) lithibelo tsa tikoloho le tsa nakoana tse tlamellang ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea libetsa, le (iii) litekanyetso tsa tšebelisano-'moho le mochini oa batho, ho netefatsa hore ts'ebeliso eohle ea matla e tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o utloahalang ke basebetsi le balaoli ba batho.
   • 33. Sehlopha se ka hlahloba mekhoa ea ho lekola ho lekana ha lithibelo le litšireletso bakeng sa ho netefatsa taolo e sebetsang ea batho, ho kenya letsoho kapa kahlolo mabapi le ho hiroa ha libetsa ho ipapisitse le mahlale a hlahang sebakeng sa MELAO.
5. D. Review ea ts'ebeliso ea sesole e ka bang teng ea theknoloji e amanang le maemo a mosebetsi oa Sehlopha
   […]
6. Lintlha tse ka khonehang bakeng sa likhothaletso tsa tumellano
   • 37. Ka ho ela hloko melao-motheo e tataisang le liqeto tsa sehlopha lenaneng la ntlha ea 5 (d) ea tlaleho ea eona CCW/GGE.1/2019/3, serapa sa 23 (a) ho ea ho (c), sehlopha se ile sa nka lintlha tse latelang e le motheo o ka khonehang oa likhothaletso tsa tumellano mabapi le ho hlakisoa, ho nahanoa le nts'etsopele ea likarolo tsa moralo o tloaelehileng le oa ts'ebetso oa thekenoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa lefu. Sistimi ea libetsa tse ikemetseng:
     […]
   • b) Mehato ea ho fokotsa kotsi e ka kenyelletsa: liteko tse matla le tlhahlobo ea litsamaiso; molao reviews; likhokahano le litsamaiso tsa mochini oa motho tse utloisisehang habonolo; basebetsi ba koetliso; ho theha thuto le mekhoa; le ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea libetsa ka melao e nepahetseng ea boitlamo.
7. F. Likhothaletso tsa tumellano mabapi le ho hlakisoa, ho nahanoa le nts'etsopele ea likarolo tsa moralo o tloaelehileng le oa ts'ebetso oa mahlale a hlahang sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng.
   […]
   • 43. Mosebetsing oa eona, Sehlopha se ile sa nahana ka likarolo tse amanang le ho hlakisoa, ho nahanela le nts'etsopele ea likarolo tsa moralo o tloaelehileng le oa ts'ebetso:
   • (a) Lintlha tse ka bang teng tse sebetsanang le maemo a tloaelehileng a moralo li ka fana ka tlhaloso e hlakileng mabapi le hore na melao-motheo le melaoana ea melao ea machaba e sebetsang, ho kenyeletsoa le IHL, e sebetsa joang ho litheknoloji tse ntseng li hlaha sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng. Tsena li ka kenyelletsa: ho sebetsa ha IHL ho Linaha, mekha e loanang le batho ka bomong le boikarabello ba bona ba ho latela boitlamo ba IHL; tlhokahalo ea ho sebelisa litlhoko le melao-motheo ea IHL ka ketane ea litaelo tsa batho; tlhokeho ea kahlolo ea batho e felletseng, e theiloeng maemong ho netefatsa hore ho lateloa IHL; ho sebetsa ha molao reviews ea libetsa tse ncha ho thekenoloji e ntseng e hlaha sebakeng sa litsamaiso tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng; tlhaloso ea hore ka tlhaho ha ho molaong ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa libetsa tse ke keng tsa etsa mesebetsi ea tsona ka botšepehi kapa ka mokhoa o sa lebelloang ho latela sepheo sa motho le molaoli oa ho lumellana le litlhoko le melao-motheo ea IHL; le hore litsamaiso tsa libetsa tse thehiloeng ho thekenoloji tse ntseng li hlaha sebakeng sa MELAO tse ke keng tsa sebelisoa ho latela IHL li lokela ho haneloa ka ho toba;
   • (b) Lintlha tse ka khonehang tse sebetsanang le likarolo tsa ts'ebetso ea moralo li ka hlakisa hore na Linaha li lokela ho kenya ts'ebetsong melao-motheo le melao ea IHL joang mabapi le mekhoa ea theknoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng, hammoho le hore na li lokela ho sebelisana joang ho fihlela qetellong, li ka kenyelletsa: boikarabello ba motho ka mong bakeng sa ho hiroa ha litsamaiso tsa libetsa tse thehiloeng ho thekenoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa MELAO; ho etsa bonnete ba hore motho ea sebetsang kapa molaoli o sebelisa kahlolo holim'a litlhaselo, ho kenyeletsoa ka lithibelo tse itseng tsa ts'ebetso ho litšobotsi tsa libetsa le tikoloho ea ts'ebeliso, le litlhoko tsa ho sebelisana le mochini oa batho; […]

II. Tšebeliso ea molao oa machaba
Boitlamo bo akaretsang

• 26. Linaha li lokela ho itlama ho sebelisa karolo e nepahetseng ea batho nakong eohle ea potoloho ea bophelo ea tsamaiso ea libetsa e lekaneng ho netefatsa kahlolo ea batho le taolo e hlokahalang maemong a ho lumellana le molao oa machaba oa liphallelo mabapi le tšebeliso ea mefuta eohle ea lisebelisoa tsa libetsa tse thehiloeng ho thekenoloji e hlahang. sebakeng sa litsamaiso tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng. Sena se ka kenyelletsa, empa ha se felle feela ho:
  • (a) Meeli ea mofuta oa sepheo;
  • (b) Meeli ea nako, boholo ba sebaka le boholo ba tšebeliso;
  • (c) Litlhoko tsa tšebelisano ea motho le mochini le ho kenella ho hlokahalang kapa ho tima; kapa
  • (d) Mekhoa e hlakileng ea ho netefatsa hore basebelisi ba batho ba na le tsebo le bokhoni ba ho laola lisebelisoa tsa libetsa.

Tšebelisano-'moho le batho

• 29. Litloaelo tse latelang tse tobileng litšebelisanong tsa mochini oa batho li ka kenya letsoho ho kenngoeng tšebetsong ha molao oa machaba oa liphallelo, boikarabello bo sebetsang le phokotso ea likotsi tse hlahisoang ke litsamaiso tsa libetsa tse thehiloeng ho theknoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng:
  • (a) Balaoli ba batho le basebetsi ba etsa liqeto mabapi le ho tsamaisoa le ho sebelisoa ha litsamaiso tsa libetsa tse ipapisitseng le mahlale a ntseng a hlaha sebakeng sa litsamaiso tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng tse nang le tlhaiso-leseling e fumanehang ka nako eo ho netefatsa hore matla a tla sebelisoa ho latela molao oa machabeng, ho kenyelletsa le tlhahisoleseling mabapi le sepheo se ka bang teng, bokhoni le litšoaneleho tsa sebetsa se tla sebelisoa le maemo ao sebetsa se sebelisoang ho ona.
  • (b) Balaoli ba batho le basebetsi ba lokela ho khona ho hlahloba ka nepo liphello tsa ho sebelisa tsamaiso ea libetsa e thehiloeng ho theknoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng pele li sebelisoa. [khatello e kentsoe]
  • (c) Balaoli ba batho le basebetsi le basebeletsi ba bang ba amehang ba koetlisoa, ho etsa bonnete ba hore lisebelisoa tsa libetsa tse thehiloeng ho thekenoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bolaeang tsa libetsa li sebelisoa le ho sebelisoa tumellanong le molao oa machaba oa liphallelo. [khatello e kentsoe]

Ho fokotsa kotsi

• 40. Mehato ea phokotso ea kotsi ho thusa ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea bophelo, likotsi ho baahi le tšenyo ea lintho tsa sechaba ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea libetsa tse thehiloeng ho theknoloji e hlahang sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tse kotsi tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng e ka kenyelletsa, har'a tse ling: (a) mekhoa ea ho senya, ea ho itšilafatsa, kapa ea ho iphapanyetsa litsamaiso tsa libetsa;(b) mehato ea ho laola mefuta ea sepheo seo tsamaiso e ka se etsang; (c) mehato ea ho laola nako le boholo ba sebaka sa tsamaiso ea libetsa; le(d) mekhoa e hlakileng bakeng sa basebetsi ba koetlisitsoeng ho kenya tšebetsong kapa ho tima tšebetso ea litsamaiso tsa libetsa.

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Litšupiso

1. Tlhokomeliso mabapi le mantsoe: tlaleho ena e bua ka maikutlo a 'boitaolo' le 'automation'. Boikemelo ka kakaretso bo bolela lits'ebetso tse ikemiselitseng le tse ka lebelloang esale pele, athe boipuso bo tla le ho se tsebe letho haholo (ho ipapisitse le boemo ba boitaolo) le boits'oaro bo fokolang. Ho fihlela joale, boholo ba lipatlisiso tse teng ke tsa boiketsetso hobane lefapha lena le bile teng ka nako e telele, ka hona, ho na le litšupiso tse ngata tsa litsamaiso tse ikemetseng le li-automation tlalehong ena. Ho latela pono ea basebelisi ba ho qetela, leha ho le joalo, phapang lipakeng tsa litsamaiso tse ikemetseng le tse ikemetseng ha e bonahale kamehla mme mathata a tobaneng le ona a kanna a tšoana haholo. Joalo ka selelekela sa boitaolo, boits'oaro bo fana ka lithuto tsa bohlokoa tse lokelang ho nahanoa le tse ka tsebisang litekolo tsa sechaba tsa maano mabapi le likotsi le liphephetso lits'ebetsong tse ikemetseng. Ho feta moo, phapang lipakeng tsa boitaolo le boiketsetso e ka boela ea khetholloa ho latela boholo ba taolo ea motho le bokhoni ba sistimi ea ho sebetsa ntle le tšitiso ea motho. Ka kutloisiso ena, tsamaiso ea libetsa e sebelisang ho ithuta ka mochine kapa ho ithuta ka botebo ho lemoha le ho hlalosa mofuta oa sepheo, ebe o fana ka boitsebiso boo ho motho ea sebetsang ka thata ea ka etsang qeto ea ho kenya letsoho kapa che, ha e ikemele ka bo mong. Ho e-na le hoo, tsamaiso e joalo e kenyelletsa mesebetsi e nang le maemo a sa tšoaneng a boipuso.
2. Endsley (2017).
3. Sheba GGE ka MELAO (2018a); GGE ka MELAO (2018b).
4. GGE ho LAWS (2019b)
5. Khopolo ea 'taolo ea batho e nang le morero', e hlahisitsoeng ke Temana ea 36, ​​e bile le tšusumetso e kholo kaha e bua haholo ka taolo ea batho mabapi le liqeto tsa bohlokoa tsa tšebeliso ea matla a bolaeang. Ka hona e tsoela pele ho fana ka ho nepahala ho feta (ho bua ka 'taolo' ho e-na le 'loop' kapa 'kahlolo ea motho') le ho tšoaneleha mofuta oa taolo eo (ke hore, 'e nang le moelelo'); UNIDIR (2014, 3). Liphapang tsa khopolo-taba, tse sebetsang le tsa molao tsa lentsoe lena ha lia ka tsa rarolloa (mohlala, ke melaoana efe ea molao e tsoang ho molao-motheo ona?). Sheba Santoni de Sio le van den Hoven (2018). Tlaleho ena e tla bolela lentsoe le pharaletseng la 'taolo ea batho' hobane le 'nile la sebelisoa ka kakaretso libukeng tsa theknoloji.
6. Schwarz (2021).
7. Boardman le Butcher (2019, 2).
8. Schwarz (2021) o hlokomela hore puisano e mabapi le taolo e khelosa ha ho buisanoa ka litsamaiso tse ntseng li tsoela pele ho nka mesebetsi ea ho etsa liqeto, athe liforamo tse joalo ka GGE mabapi le MOLAO li ntse li tsoela pele ho amohela boemo ba liletsa tsa theknoloji, tse nkang hore theknoloji ke sesebelisoa seo ho sona. basebelisi ba bona ba boloka mokhatlo o felletseng. Potso e tšoanang e hlahisoa Karolong ea 4.2. maemong a ho hana ke GGE ka MELAO ea puo ea anthropomorphic (ke hore, Molao-motheo (i) oa Melao-motheo e tataisang).
9. iPRAW (2019).
10. Boulanin et al. (2020, 8–9).
11. GGE ka MELAO (2021, 6).
12. Riley et al. (2017, 180).
13. Tlaleho ea GGE ka LAWS ho tloha ka 2020 e hlalositse ntlha ena ka ho hlaka: "Taolo e sebetsang ea motho, ho kenya letsoho kapa kahlolo e ka 'na ea se ke ea lekana le taolo e tobileng, empa ho e-na le mabaka a amanang le maemo a kenyeletsang meeli e behiloeng holim'a sebetsa le tikoloho ea tšebeliso, le litlhoko tsa batho. -tšebelisano ea mochini ”(GGE ho LAWS, 2021, 8).
14. Boulanin et al. (2020, 9).
15. Lentsoe 'system' mona le sebelisoa ka kutloisiso e sebelisitsoeng sebakeng sa ergonomics, e bolelang tsamaiso ea 'motho-mochini oa tsamaiso', e hlalosang likarolo tse fapaneng le tšebelisano pakeng tsa tsona. 'Mekhoa ea libetsa' hangata e hlalosoa e le motsoako oa libetsa, lisebelisoa tse amanang, basebetsi, mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa thepa, joalo-joalo. Likarolong tse ling tsa tlaleho, leha ho le joalo, ho buuoa ka litsamaiso ho fokola (joalo ka tsamaiso ea khomphutha).
16. Hou et al. (2015, 33).
17. Ibid.
18. Interview le Ming Hou (26 Mmesa 2022).
19. Endsley (2015, 11–12)
20. Endsley (2017, 8-9).
21. Endsley (1995, 36).
22. Ibid.; Gillan le ba bang. (2017, 57).
23. Endsley (1995, 37).
24. Ibid. SA e ka ithutoa maemong a motho ka mong le sehlopheng sa sehlopha. Setho se seng le se seng sa sehlopha se tlameha ho ba le SA bakeng sa boikarabello boo ba bo filoeng, 'me e le sehlopha ba ka ntlafatsa SA e arolelanoang ha lipheo tsa litho tse peli kapa ho feta tsa sehlopha li kopana.
25. Johnson le al. (2014, 9-10).
26. Bona, mohlalaample, Siebert et al. (2022).
27. Johnson le al. (2014, 9); interview le Matthew Johnson (31 Hlakubele 2022).
28. Hawley le ba bang. (2005); Setsi sa Ntlafatso, Maikutlo le Lithuto (2018). Parasuraman le V. Riley (1997, 231) ba ile ba kenya letsoho haholo puisanong ea hore na liphetoho tsa automation li sebetsa joang ho batho. Leha ho le joalo, 'ironies of automation' e 'nile ea tsebahala ka lilemo tse fetang mashome a mane, ka mor'a ho hlahisoa ha mochine oa boipheliso lits'ebetsong tsa indasteri le ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ha mochine o tsoetseng pele haholo, o tla ba le karolo e rarahaneng le ea bohlokoa haholo ea batho. Bainbridge (1983); Likolo tsa Naha tsa Saense, Boenjiniere le Bongaka (2022, 44).
29. Hawley (2017, 11).
30. Cummings (2006, 23); Scharre, (2018, 169-170).
31. Swartz (2001).
32. Bakeng sa mohlalaample, ho Commentary on the Guides Principles, Switzerland e ile ea etsa tlhahiso ea hore mokhoa o mong o ka khonehang oa ho laola o ka finyelloa ka “ho boloka matla a tlhokomelo ea batho, ka ho sebelisa theknoloji (mohlala, lihokelo tse loketseng tsa mechine ea batho) ho tšehetsa ho ameha ha motho kelellong” . GGE ka MELAO (2021, 88).
33. Lintlha tsena li hlalositsoe haholoanyane likarolong tse latelang, ka bobeli lipuisanong tsa moralo oa tsamaiso le koetliso ea basebetsi.
34. Boulanin et al. (2020, 19); Setsi sa Ntlafatso, Maikutlo le Lithuto (2018); Hawley (2017, 9).
35. Liphephetso tse amanang le 'ho tseba lintho tse sa sebetseng' li 'nile tsa hlokomeloa esita le ka balaoli ba sephethephethe ba lifofane ba nang le phihlelo; bona Endsley (2017); Metzger le Parasuraman (2001).
36. Interview le setsebi se sa tsejoeng (25 March 2022).
37. Setsi sa Nts'etsopele, Maikutlo le Lithuto (2018, 32).
38. Interview le Ming Hou (26 Mmesa 2022).
39. Interview le Mica Endsley (15 March 2022).
40. Parasuraman le V. Riley (1997).
41. Interview le Mica Endsley (15 March 2022).
42. Endsley (2017, 8).
43. Likolo tsa Naha tsa Saense, Boenjiniere, le Bongaka (2022, 42).
44. Onnasch et al. (2014, 477). Papiso ea 'lumberjack effect' e sebelisitsoe haholo liphuputsong tsa kopanyo ea litsamaiso tsa batho.
45. Parasuraman (2000); Cummings (2006).
46. Lee and See (2004, 55).
47. Likolo tsa Naha tsa Saense, Boenjiniere le Bongaka (2022, 18).
48. ISO 9241-220:2019 e hlalosa ts'ebeliso e le "boemo boo sistimi, sehlahisoa kapa litšebeletso li ka sebelisoang ke basebelisi ba boletsoeng ho fihlela lipheo tse boletsoeng ka katleho, katleho le khotsofalo maemong a boletsoeng".
49. Adams (2002).
50. Riley et al. (2017, 178-179).
51. Lefapha la Tšireletso la US (2012, 2-3).
52. GGE ka MELAO (2018c); US Mission (2021).
53. GGE ka MELAO (2019a).
54. Interview le setsebi se sa tsejoeng (25 March 2022).
55. Davis le al. (2017, 408).
56. Hawley le Mares (2017, 16).
57. Hollnagel and Woods (2005); Hawley and Mares (2017). E tšoanang view e ile ea arolelanoa ke litsebi tse 'maloa interviewed bakeng sa morero.
58. Sheba Endsley (2017).
59. Interview le setsebi se sa tsejoeng (22 March 2022); interview le Mica Endsley (15 March 2022); interview le Mennatallah El-Assady (8 Mmesa 2022).
60. Setsi sa Nts'etsopele, Maikutlo le Lithuto sa Lekala la Ts'ireletso la UK le khothalelitse poleloana 'ho sebelisana le mochini oa batho' molemong oa Mohopolo o Kopanetsoeng oa 2018 mme boemo bona bo ile ba phetoa Leqepheng la Setsebi le rometsoeng ho GGE LAWS ka 2020, e bua ka mochini oa batho. sehlopha e le "mokhoa o amohelang hore ho kopanngoa ha batho le mechine e sebetsang ho finyella sepheo se le seng, ka matla le mefokolo ea bona, ke senotlolo sa sesole. katleho”. GGE ho MELAO (2020, 2–3).
61. Endsley (2017, 6); Likolo tsa Naha tsa Saense, Boenjiniere le Bongaka (2022).
62. Bona, mohlalaample, Lefapha la Tšireletso la US (2022). HSI ke mohopolo le mokhoa o sebelisoang haholo.
63. 63 National Academy of Sciences, Engineering le Medicine (2022, 71).
64. Gillan le ba bang. (2017, 57-58).
65. Sena ha se bolele hore litlhoko tsa basebelisi li ile tsa behelloa ka thoko nakong e fetileng ha ho etsoa moralo. Bakeng sa mohlalaample, mohopolo oa 'moralo o kopanetsoeng' o ile oa sisinngoa lilemong tsa bo-1970 ho kopanya litebello le boiqapelo ba mosebelisi tšebetsong ea moralo; bona Flemisch et al. (2008). Mathata a moralo a ile a tsoela pele, leha ho le joalo, a lebisa mefokolong e mengata ea hore na boitsebiso bo kenyelelitsoe joang lipontšong ha litsamaiso li ntse li fetoha tse rarahaneng (Endsley, 2013); kopanyo ea maikutlo a basebelisi e lula e sebetsa hangata e le ea kaholimo (interview le Matthew Johnson, 31 Hlakubele 2022).
66. ISO 9241-220:2019.
67. avage-Knepshield (2017, 276).
68. 68 Oury and Ritter (2021, 22).
69. Interview le setsebi se sa tsejoeng (8 April 2022).
70. Savage-Knepshield (2017, 275).
71. Mekhoa e khothaletsoang ea hore baqapi ba ithute ka basebelisi e kenyelletsa lethathamo la liketso, ho tloha ho bua le bona feela, ho ba shebella ba sebetsa, ho etsa hore ba sebelise likhokahano tse entsoeng ke baqapi ba tšoanang, ho fumana leseli le akaretsang mabapi le maemo a bona a mosebetsi (Oury & Ritter, 2021, 16–17).
72. Setsebi se seng se ile sa phaella ka hore ntho ea bohlokoa ke ho kopanya maikutlo a basebelisi “ka nako e nepahetseng, eseng hakaalo-kaalo kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang” (inter.view le setsebi se sa tsejoeng, 8 April 2022).
73. Interview le setsebi se sa tsejoeng (22 March 2022).
74. Interview le setsebi se sa tsejoeng (25 March 2022). Setsebi se tšoanang se hlokometse hore lintlha tsa tlhophiso le tsona ke tsa bohlokoa: ts'ebetso e tlameha ho tšehetsoa ke moetlo oa mokhatlo oo ho oona ho ka khonehang ho fana ka maikutlo a tšepahalang le ho nkoa ka hloko. Boardman and Butcher (2019, 11) ba fana ka ntlha e ts'oanang ha ba bua ka litekanyo tsa taolo ea batho, tse nang le boemo ba mokhatlo, ho latela moetlo oa mokhatlo o sa tlameha ho ama "boikemisetso ba ho belaella boits'oaro le liketso tsa sistimi".
75. Endsley (2017, 10); Endsley, Bolte and Jones (2003).
76. Tšebelisano-'moho e hlalosoa ke ISO/TS 20282-2:2013 e le "phapanyetsano ea tlhahisoleseling pakeng tsa basebelisi le lisebelisoa". Lisebelisoa li kenyelletsa hardware le software. Phapanyetsano ea litaba e ka kenyelletsa liketso tsa 'mele, tse hlahisang maikutlo a maikutlo.
77. Endsley (2017, 5).
78. Johnson le al. (2018).
79. Johnson le al. (2011).
80. van der Waa et al. (2020); van der Waa et al. (2021).
81. Sperrle et al. (2020).
82. Interview le Mennatallah El-Assady (8 Mmesa 2022).
83. Idem.
84. Idem.
85. Interview le Parrish Hanna (16 Hlakubele 2022).
86. Hartwich et al. (2021, 14–15).
87. Examptse kenyeletsang ho lemoha boitšisinyo, ho latedisa mahlo, ho lemoha sefahleho, monwana wa menwana le biometrics ya lentswe. Burt (2020).
88. Interview le Parrish Hanna (16 Hlakubele 2022).
89. Ahlstrom le Friedman-Berg (2006, 623-624).
90. Hou et al. (2022, 11).
91. Lipuisanong tsa GGE mabapi le MELAO, tšebeliso ea puo ea anthropomorphic (mohlala, tšepo) e hlahisoang ke MELAO e ile ea hanoa e le taba ea molao-motheo, ho kenyeletsoa le Molao-motheo oa Tataiso (i), o bolelang hore "Ka ho etsa mehato e ka bang teng ea maano, theknoloji e ntseng e hlaha. sebakeng sa litsamaiso tse bolaeang tsa libetsa tse ikemetseng ha lia lokela ho ba anthropomorphized ”. Ha ho pelaelo hore tšebeliso ea tekheniki ea lentsoe 'tšepo' tabeng ena e bua ka karolo ea tsamaiso, ke hore, mokhoa oa ho netefatsa, 'me ka eona e tla 'netefatsa' litlhoko tsa mosebedisi, ntle le ho kena-kenana le boikarabelo ba batho le boikarabelo ba molao. Leha ho le joalo, bona Lebokose la 3.
92. Hou (2020); Hou et al. (2022, 14-17).
93. Georg le Diermeyer (2019).
94. Feuerriegel et al. (2021).
95. Schultze and Orlikowski (2010).
96. Feuerriegel et al. (2021, 65).
97. Cummings (2006, 26). Cummings o hlokomelisa khahlano le ts'ebeliso ea likarolo tsa moralo tse ka mpefatsang maikutlo a ho ba hole le ho hloka boikarabello, joalo ka likarolo tse hlakileng tse etsang hore sebopeho se bonahale joalo ka papali ea video.
98. 'Cognitive distancing' e hlahisoang ke AWS e kanna ea tsamaisoa ke sebaka sa nakoana le sa sebaka: ho ka ba le lihora, matsatsi, libeke lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso le ts'ebeliso ea matla (ho fapana ha nakoana), le ho hloka botsitso mabapi le sebaka seo tšebeliso ea matla e tla sebelisoa ho sona. (bohole ba sebaka). Boulanin et al. (2020, 12).
99. Coeckelbergh (2013). Sengoli se fana ka ntlha ea hore ntoa ea drone (kapa 'screenfighting') ha e hlahise sebaka sa 'mele feela empa hape le sebaka sa boitšoaro pakeng tsa mohlabani le mohanyetsi oa bona.
100. GGE ka MELAO (2020); Janssen le ba bang. (2019, 101); interview le setsebi se sa tsejoeng (22 March 2022). Mosebetsi le kabo ea mesebetsi lipakeng tsa batho le mechini ke sehlooho se reng 'setala se lulang se le setala' se sebelisanang le batho le boiketsetso (Janssen et al. (2019, 101).
101. Interview le Mica Endsley (15 March 2022); interview le setsebi se sa tsejoeng (22 March 2022); interview le Mennatallah El-Assady (8 Mmesa 2022).
102. Lenaneo le 'static' le lona le ka sebelisa AI, empa thuto e etsahala libakeng tse tsebahalang, tse hlokomelehang le tse ikemiselitseng. Sistimi e joalo e ka sebetsa, mohlalaample, algorithm ea ho batla ho theha tatellano ea liketso ho fihlela sepheo, kapa tharabololo ea mathata, e ka sebelisoang ho rala. Russell & Norvig (2022, chp. 3, chp. 14). Ho etsa mohlala oa maemo a matla, le maemo a hlahisang maemo a ho se kholisehe ha nako e ntse e ea, a hlahisa mathata a mangata. Russell le Norvig (2022, khaolo ea 15).
103. Holland Michel (2020).
104. Interview le Mica Endsley (15 March 2022).
105. Flemisch le ba bang. (2017); bona Bahner et al. (2008).
106. Flemisch le ba bang. (2017, 323-324). Sena se ne se bitsoa 'phula e sa sireletsehang ea automation', e leng polelo e hulang papisong ea 'phula ea mohlolo'. Bangoli ba phuputso ha baa ka ba etsa qeto ea hore litsamaiso tse ikemetseng, kapa maemo a phahameng a boiketsetso ha a bolokehe, empa "ho na le libaka tse sa sireletsehang tse potolohileng meralo e bolokehileng ea boiketsetso le motsoako oa lithuso tse fapaneng le maemo a phetoho lipakeng tsa maemo kapa mekhoa" (327). ).
107. Cummings (2006, 23); bona le Scharre (2018, 137–145).
108. Hawley (2017, 9).
109. Janssen le ba bang. (2019, 101–102).
110. Interview le Matthew Johnson (31 Hlakubele 2022).
111. Hawley (2007, 9). Hawley e bua ka litsamaiso tse ikemetseng, empa lekhetho lena le tšoarella haholo lits'ebetsong tse ikemetseng.
112. Ibid., leq. 11.
113. Interview le setsebi se sa tsejoeng (25 March 2022).
114. Interview le Mennatallah El-Assady (8 Mmesa 2022); interview le setsebi sa mabitso (8 April 2022), ea ileng a boela a hlokomela hore sena hase feela bothata botekgeniki, empa hape ke setso ha baenjiniere ba atisa ho totobatsa moo tsamaiso e sebetsang hantle ka ho fetisisa empa ba na le mathata a ho pepesehela mefokolo ea tsamaiso.
115. Bona Hoffman et al. (2014, 13); le Hoffman et al. (2009) bakeng sa ho fana ka maikutlo a 'boitsebelo bo potlakileng' le koetliso bakeng sa litsamaiso tse rarahaneng le bakeng sa tikoloho e matla haholo.
116. Interview le Mica Endsley (15 March 2022).
117. Hawley (2017, 9); interview le setsebi se sa tsejoeng (22 March 2022); Endsley le Kiris (1995).
118. Interview le setsebi se sa tsejoeng (25 March 2022).
119. Interview le Matthew Johnson (31 Hlakubele 2022).
120. A US Air Force Report (“Human–Autonomy Teaming”) e fana ka maikutlo a 'boitaolo bo feto-fetohang', bo bolelang hore maemo a boipuso a ka fetoha ha nako e ntse e ea, 'ho ea pele' pakeng tsa airmen le litsamaiso tse ikemetseng, ebang ke ka boikhethelo ba motho, kapa ho ipapisitsoe le litekanyetso tse hahelletsoeng boikemelong (joalo ka ha sefofane se lahleheloa ke khokahano le sistimi, kapa ha ho se na nako e lekaneng e fumanehang bakeng sa taolo ea in-the-loop). United States Air Force (2015, 9-12); Likolo tsa Naha tsa Saense, Boenjiniere, le Bongaka (2022, 45).
121. McNeese et al. (2021, 3).
122. Interview le Matthew Johnson (31 Hlakubele 2022). Johnson o tšoantša koetliso e joalo le e etsoang lihlopheng tsa lingaka tse etsang opereishene tse ikoetlisetsang ho ithuta tšebelisano e haufi-ufi libakeng tse thata ka ho khethehileng.
123. Likolo tsa Naha tsa Saense, Boenjiniere, le Bongaka (2022, 63).
124. Chandler (2021).
125. Zhang et al. (2020, 4–5).
126. Setsi sa Nts'etsopele, Maikutlo le Lithuto (2018, 47).
127. Likolo tsa Naha tsa Saense, Boenjiniere, le Bongaka (2022, 67).
128. Mefuta ea 'Black box' e bua haholo ka ho ithuta ka mochini le ho ithuta ka botebo. Ho boetse ho na le mefuta ea 'lebokose le lesoeu' kapa 'mabokose a khalase', a hlahisang liphetho tse hlakileng haholoanyane (joalo ka mefuta ea mela) empa a na le matla a fokolang haholo ha a bapisoa le mefuta ea mabokose a matšo. Khohlano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso e phahameng le "bokhoni ba mohlala ba ho hlahisa likhakanyo tse hlakileng le tse ka tolokang" e ntse e tsoela pele ho hlalosa AI. Linardatos et al. (2021, 1).
129. Sartori le Theodorou (2022, 4).
130. Linardatos et al. (2021, 2).
131. Likolo tsa Naha tsa Saense, Boenjiniere, le Bongaka (2022, 33).
132. Doshi-Velez le Kim (2017, 2).
133. Linardatos et al. (2021, 3).
134. Bona Gilpin et al. (2019); Mueller le ba bang. (2019, 85).
135. 136 Interview le Mennatallah El-Assady (8 Mmesa 2022).
136. 137 Hulstaert (2018). Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore LIME e bonahetse ka linako tse ling e sa tšepahale.
137. 138 Mueller leha ho le joalo. (2019) fana ka lingoliloeng tse ngata hapeview ea lithuto tsa XAI le li-interfaces.
138. Beauxis-Aussalet et al. (2021, 10).
139. Likolo tsa Naha tsa Saense, Boenjiniere, le Bongaka (2022, 35).
140. Mueller le ba bang. (2020); Mueller le ba bang. (2019, 99).
141. Mueller (2019, 95).
142. Spinner et al. (2019).
143. Interview le Mennatallah El-Assady (8 Mmesa 2022).
144. Beauxis-Aussalet et al. (2021, 7–8).
145. Hoffman le ba bang. (2018, 16).
146. van der Waa et al. (2021, 4).
147. Holland Michel (2020, 17); bona hape Kunze et al. (2019); Poursabzi-Sangdeh et al. (2021).
148. Likolo tsa Naha tsa Saense, Boenjiniere, le Bongaka (2022, 35).
149. Interview le Matthew Johnson (31 Hlakubele 2022). Ntlha e tšoanang e entsoe ke Mica Endsley (interview 15 Hlakubele 2022).
150. Interview le Mennatallah El-Assady (8 Mmesa 2022).

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